High Power Car Battary Eliminator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> To operate car audio (or video) system from household 230V AC mains supply, you need a DC adaptor. DC adaptors available in the market are generally costly and supply an unregulated DC. To overcome these problems, an economical and reliable circuit of a high-power, regulated DC adaptor using reasonably low number of components is presented here.  Transformer X1 steps down 230V AC mains supply to around 30V AC, which is then rectified by a bridge rectifier comprising 5406 rectifier diodes D1 through D4. The rectified pulsating DC is smoothed by two 4700μF filter capacitors C1 and C2. The next part of the circuit is a seriestransistor regulator circuit realised using high-power transistor 2N3773 (T1). </div> <div align="justify"> <br /></div> <div align="justify"> <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-6KDnzra5KEg/TnomxygN82I/AAAAAAAADsM/7LJ3aIxrvqM/s1600-h/High%252520Power%252520Car%252520Battary%252520Eliminator%252520Circuit%252520Daigram%25255B6%25255D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="High Power Car Battary Eliminator Circuit Daigram" border="0" height="254" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-w0LSL8TLh7Y/Tnom1c4L-KI/AAAAAAAADsQ/STIdRZDkLas/High%252520Power%252520Car%252520Battary%252520Eliminator%252520Circuit%252520Daigram_thumb%25255B4%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="High Power Car Battary Eliminator Circuit Daigram" width="500" /></a>  </div> <div align="justify"> Fixed-base reference for the transistor is taken from the output pin of 3-pin regulator IC1 (LM 7806). The normal output of IC1 is raised to about 13.8 volts by suitably biasing its common terminal by components ZD1 and LED1. This simple arrangement provides good, stable voltcuit age reference at a low cost. LED1 also works as an output indicator.Finally, a crowbar-type protection circuit is added. If the output voltage exceeds 15V due to some reason such as component failure, the SCR fires because of the breakdown of zener ZD2. Once SCR fires, it presents a short-circuit across the unregulated DC supply, resulting in the blowing of fuse F1 instantly. This offers guaranteed protection to the equipment connected and to the circuit itself.</div> <div align="justify">  <img alt="High Power Car Battary Eliminator" border="0" height="180" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-HUjd9SqDPJo/Tnom2c7aKnI/AAAAAAAADsU/Uda1OpRdU7U/High%252520Power%252520Car%252520Battary%252520Eliminator_thumb%25255B4%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="High Power Car Battary Eliminator" width="450" /></div> <div align="justify"> <br /></div> <div align="justify"> This circuit can be assembled using a small general-purpose PCB. A goodquality heat-sink is required for transistor T1. Enclose the complete circuit in a readymade big adaptor cabinet as shown in the figure. </div> <div align="justify"> <br /></div> <div align="justify"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: right;"> <a href="http://streampowers.blogspot.com/2012/07/high-power-car-battary-eliminator.html" target="_blank">Streampowers</a></div> </div>

High Power Car Battary Eliminator

22:23

To operate car audio (or video) system from household 230V AC mains supply, you need a DC adaptor. DC adaptors available in the market are generally costly and supply an unregulated DC. To overcome these problems, an economical and reliable circ… Read more »

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12V Powered 12V Lead Acid Battery Charger with Indicator

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Some of you might wonder why a charger is needed at all, to charge a 12 Volt battery from a 12 Volt source! Well, firstly the “12 Volt” source will typically vary anywhere from 11 Volt to 15 Volt, and then a battery needs a controlled charge current and voltage, which cannot result from connecting it directly to a voltage source. The charger described here is intended for charging small 12 Volt lead acid batteries, such as the gelled or AGM batteries of capacities between about 2 and 10 Ah, using a car’s electrical system as power source, regardless of whether the car engine is running or not. I built this charger many years ago, I think I was still in school back then. On request of a reader of my web site, I’m publishing it now, despite being a rather crude circuit. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b><br /></b> <b>12V Powered 12V Lead Acid Battery Charger with Indicator</b><br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinvdxF9BXKSJ9g9aswc2bEo5YoSJFEGxFaSZJOz4lVPeYhTaUj7G6fMpfOqPioAhWbkJ5IlJCAz6lLt1z5Yjpc3zXeYfhELetJOooybbkpyvrZejQNA-pN19iZ8tg_ajRF1nM4tr71Q6us/s1600/12V+Powered+12V+Lead+Acid+Battery+Charger+with+Indicator.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="12V Powered 12V Lead Acid Battery Charger with Indicator " border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinvdxF9BXKSJ9g9aswc2bEo5YoSJFEGxFaSZJOz4lVPeYhTaUj7G6fMpfOqPioAhWbkJ5IlJCAz6lLt1z5Yjpc3zXeYfhELetJOooybbkpyvrZejQNA-pN19iZ8tg_ajRF1nM4tr71Q6us/s400/12V+Powered+12V+Lead+Acid+Battery+Charger+with+Indicator.gif" title="12V Powered 12V Lead Acid Battery Charger with Indicator " width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> It works, it is uncritical to build, and uses only easy-to-find parts, so it has something in its favor. The downside is mainly the low efficiency: This charger wastes about as much power as it puts into the battery. The charger consists of two stages: The first is a capacitive voltage doubler, which uses a 555 timer IC driving a pair of transistors connected as emitter followers, which in turn drive the voltage doubler proper. The doubler has power resistors built in, which limit the charging current. The second stage is a voltage regulator, using a 7815 regulator IC. Its output is applied to the battery via a diode, which prevents reverse current and also lowers the voltage a bit.<br /> <br /> The resulting charge voltage is about 14.4V, which is fine for charging a gelled or AGM battery to full charge, but is too high as a trickle charger, so don’t leave this charger permanently connected to a battery. If you would like to do just that, then add a second diode in series with D3! There is a LED connected as a charge indicator. It will light when the charge current is higher than about 150mA. The maximum charge current will be roughly 400mA. There is an auxiliary output, that provides about 20V at no load (depending on input voltage), and comes down as the load increases. I included this for charging 12V, 4Ah NiCd packs, which require just a limited current but not a limited voltage for charging.<br /> <br /> Note that if the charge output is short-circuited, the overcurrent protection of U2 will kick in, but the current is still high enough to damage the diodes, if it lasts. So, don’t short the output! If instead you short the auxiliary output, the fuse should blow. I built this charger into a little homemade aluminum sheet enclosure, using dead-bug construction style. Not very tidy, but it works. Note the long leads on the power resistors. They are necessary, because with shorter leads the resistors will unsolder themselves, as they get pretty hot! The transistors and the regulator IC are bolted to the case, which serves as heat sink. The transistors don’t heat up very much, but the IC does.<br /> <br /> <div style="text-align: right;"> </div> <div style="text-align: right;"> </div> <div style="text-align: right;"> Source: Homo Ludens</div> </div> </div>

12V Powered 12V Lead Acid Battery Charger with Indicator

05:47

Some of you might wonder why a charger is needed at all, to charge a 12 Volt battery from a 12 Volt source! Well, firstly the “12 Volt” source will typically vary anywhere from 11 Volt to 15 Volt, and then a battery needs a controlled charge current… Read more »

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Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> In this circuit, the 7815 regulatates the positive supply, and the 7915 regulates the negative supply. The transformer should have a primary rating of 240/220 volts for europe, or 120 volts for North America. The centre tapped secondary coil should be rated about 18 volts at 1 amp or higher, allowing for losses in the regulator. An application for this type of circuit would be for a small regulated bench power supply. </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b> Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi50sM0JLT75JNreOoQrMGgIfhckft6zqXY5cttzan_Z-8zX_XeQy36_J8dGvIZsIeT8gCwyqJ-Vn_HGVjqYO2Af0rJW5q4HH8fvHTEp1tuJVO5bhOBtwaeh35Yt7uxe1GW8urorCUIBAsF/s1600/Dual+Regulated+Power+Supply+Circuit+Diagram.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi50sM0JLT75JNreOoQrMGgIfhckft6zqXY5cttzan_Z-8zX_XeQy36_J8dGvIZsIeT8gCwyqJ-Vn_HGVjqYO2Af0rJW5q4HH8fvHTEp1tuJVO5bhOBtwaeh35Yt7uxe1GW8urorCUIBAsF/s400/Dual+Regulated+Power+Supply+Circuit+Diagram.gif" title="Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div>

Dual Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram

07:49

In this circuit, the 7815 regulatates the positive supply, and the 7915 regulates the negative supply. The transformer should have a primary rating of 240/220 volts for europe, or 120 volts for North America. The centre tapped secondary coil shou… Read more »

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5 to 15V Regulated Power Supply

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>Regulated Power Supply</b></span><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;">This project is a normal DC regulated power supply that is a variable DC voltage range from 5V to 15V. It can supply current up to  400mA to power the various circuits for your electronic projects. The voltage output is varied by using the potentiometer V.R1. In this circuit, the input line power supply is designed for 240V.A.C. If 110VAC input is used, alter the ratings of the varistor to 150VAC & the transformer ratio to 110V/12V. </span><br /> <br /> <br /> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://risecircuits.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" src="http://www.electronics-project-design.com/images/RegulatedPowerSupplyCircuit.GIF" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><b>5 to 15V Regulated Power Supply</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /> <span style="font-size: small;">Fuse F1 is used as a protection in case there's any short circuit in the circuit. Varistor V1 is connected in parallel to the input of the line voltage to clamp the surge voltage from the line to a reasonable level that helps to protect the transformer & other circuitry. One time the voltage level surge to a high level beyond the ability of the varistor to absorb it, fuse F1 or varistor V1 or both will burn. If this circuit failed after a period of operation, check that the fuse & the varistor are still in nice condition or else replace them.<b></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;">Diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4 are used to rectify the 12V.A.C voltage to DC voltage. Electrolytic capacitor E1 is used as a smoothing capacitor to reduce the ripple of the DC voltage. The DC voltage is fed in to the input of 7805 regulator where the output DC voltage is obtained. Changing the worth of VR1 will alter the output of the DC voltage. Capacitor C1 is used to filter out high frequency part from the power supply.<b></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://risecircuits.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" src="http://www.electronics-project-design.com/images/RegulatedPowerSupplyPartsList.GIF" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div> </div>

5 to 15V Regulated Power Supply

05:25

Regulated Power Supply This project is a normal DC regulated power supply that is a variable DC voltage range from 5V to 15V. It can supply current up to  400mA to power the various circuits for your electronic projects. The voltage output is varied… Read more »

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10,000x With One Transistor

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="post-header"> </div> <div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-1396436173588009833"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> For a collector follower with emitter resistor, you’ll often find that the gain per stage is no more than 10 to 50 times. The gain increases when the emitter resistor is omitted. Unfortunately, the distortion also increases. With a ubiquitous <b>transistor</b> such as the BC547B, the gain of the <b>transistor </b>is roughly equal to 40 times the collector current (Ic), provided the collector current is less than a few milliamps. This value is in theory equal to the expression q/KT, where q is the charge of the electron, K is Boltzmann’s constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin.<br /> <br /> For simplicity, and assuming room temperature, we round this value to 40. For a single stage <b>amplifier</b> circuit with grounded emitter it holds that the gain Uout /Uin (for AC voltage) is in theory equal to SRc. As we observed before, the slope S is about 40Ic. From this follows that the gain is approximately equal to 40I cRc. What does this mean? In the first instance this leads to a very practical rule of thumb: that gain of a grounded emitter circuit amounts to 40·I c·Rc, which is equal to 40 times the voltage across the collector resistor.<br /> <br /> If Ub is, for example, equal to 12 V and the collector is set to 5V, then we know, irrespective of the values of the resistors that the gain will be about 40R(12–5) = 280. Notable is the fact that in this way the gain can be very high in theory, by selecting a high <b>power supply</b> voltage. Such a voltage could be obtained from an isolating transformer from the mains. An isolating transformer can be made by connecting the secondaries of two transformers together, which results in a galvanically isolated mains voltage.</div> <a href="http://supreemcircuits.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><br /></a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">10,000x With One Transistor Circuit diagram:</span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jrU-yEEr1rBjhkmbYMRnpGAUcrNWUwr8qqVX_vugOQQFjXFSGhUaY4YlZQvo5dhvSv-1ei-hJ2sXpTWyYZRLh_E_FRtI133eVFio4u-NHXwl7Fr9QqMwCyxUcf1G5KCbNnt7V6LqejOH/s1600/transistor-booster-circuit-diagram1.GIF" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-jrU-yEEr1rBjhkmbYMRnpGAUcrNWUwr8qqVX_vugOQQFjXFSGhUaY4YlZQvo5dhvSv-1ei-hJ2sXpTWyYZRLh_E_FRtI133eVFio4u-NHXwl7Fr9QqMwCyxUcf1G5KCbNnt7V6LqejOH/s1600/transistor-booster-circuit-diagram1.GIF" /></a></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b>10,000x With One Transistor Circuit diagram</b></div> <br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> That means, that with a mains voltage of 240 Veff there will be about 340 V DC after rectification and filtering. If in the amplifier circuit the <b>power supply</b> voltage is now 340 V and the collector voltage is 2 V, then the gain is in theory equal to 40 x (340–2). This is more than 13,500 times! However, there are a few drawbacks in practice. This is related to the output characteristic of the transistor. In practice, it turns out that the transistor does actually have an output resistor between collector and emitter.<br /> <br /> This output resistance exists as a transistor parameter and is called ‘hoe’. In normal designs this parameter is of no consequence because it has no noticeable effect if the collector resistor is not large. When powering the <b>amplifier</b> from 340 V and setting the collector current to 1 mA, the collector resistor will have a value of 338 k. Whether the ‘hoe’-parameter has any influence depends in the type of transistor. We also note that with such high gains, the base-collector capacitance in particular will start to play a role.<br /> <br /> As a consequence the input frequency may not be too high. For a higher bandwidth we will have to use a transistor with small Cbc, such as a BF494 or perhaps even an SHF <b>transistor</b> such as a BFR91A. We will have to adjust the value of the base resistor to the new hfe. The author has carried out measurements with a BC547B at a <b>power supply</b> voltage of 30 V. A value of 2 V was chosen for the collector voltage. Measurements confirm the rule of thumb. The gain was more than 1,000 times and the effects of ‘hoe’ and the base-collector capacitance were not noticeable because of the now much smaller collector resistor.<br /> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: right;"> Author: Gert Baars Copyright: Elektor Electronics</div> </div> </div>

10,000x With One Transistor

05:24

For a collector follower with emitter resistor, you’ll often find that the gain per stage is no more than 10 to 50 times. The gain increases when the emitter resistor is omitted. Unfortunately, the distortion also increases. With a ubiquitous transi… Read more »

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50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> This electronic amplifier project is an IC amplifier module from ST Microelectronics, the TDA7294. It is intended for use as a top quality audio class AB amplifier in hi-fi applications. It's low noise and distortion, wide bandwidth and nice output current capability, enabling it to supply high power in to both four ohm and 8 ohm lots. It's both short circuit and thermal protection.<br /> <br /> With the addition of a handful of parts and an appropriate power supply, this module will deliver over 50W RMS in to four or 8 ohms-with < 0.1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and < 0.1% Inter-modulation Distortion (IMD). It is also suitable as a replacement power amp stage, or upgrade for plenty of existing amplifiers of between 30W-50W, provided they have an appropriate dual supply, & most do.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>The Specifications of the electronic amplifier project there are:</b><br /> <br /> D.C. Input : 35V<br /> Output power : > 50W RMS, 4-8 ohm load.<br /> Gain : 24 dB (30dB modification)<br /> Input sensitivity : one.3V for 50W, 8 ohm<br /> Signal-to-Noise ratio : > 95 dB, (>105 dBA)<br /> Frequency response : approx. 20Hz - 200kHz, �3 dB<br /> Slew rate : > 10V/uS<br /> THD : < 0.01%, 1W-40W, 1kHz<br /> IMD : < 0.01%, 1W</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> The maximum supply voltage of the IC is +/- 40V. However the maximum dissipation of the IC can be exceeded even at a lower voltage. Therefore the supply voltage used require not be over +/- 35V. This can be constructed using a 50V middle tapped-transformer, a diode bridge rated at 5A (min.) & a pair of electrolytic capacitors, as shown below. A lower secondary voltage transformer could even be used but the reduced DC voltage will lead to less power output in to 8 ohms. You can still receive 50W in to four ohms with only 24V supply rails.<br /> <br /> A 36V C.T. transformer will give you approx +/- 25V rails. The-mains transformer used ought to be rated at a maximum of 80VA. In the event you require to run modules in a stereo amplifier you can use a common power supply. In this case the transformer ought to be rated at 150VA or greater.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://risecircuits.blogspot.com/"><img border="0" src="http://www.electronics-project-design.com/images/electronicamplifierpowersupply.GIF" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b>Electronic Amplifier Circuit Diagram Description</b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Most of the circuitry is contained within the IC module. The input signal is applied to pin three by capacitor C1 & low-pass filter R1/C2. The filter improves the pulse response & helps cease RF signals. The lower -3dB point is determined-by R2/C1 & R4/C3. This is about 20Hz for the values used. The upper -3dB point is over 200kHz. C7/C8 & C9/C10 provide additional power supply filtering or decoupling.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYIj0qSL24THu8rvUsTeERfY3aZTT76sr-2E8t6tIgkkceXkuwJwGkxP6AtAnIFdiPHfUaydVIqkIsFPWMBAuxfpUQvUyL9JKkuYpAFoTBtfutBD3vrJiV0fPEhlwPDH-hTMhAyo8k-ps/s1600/50W+Electronic+Amplifier+(Rise).gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)" border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEYIj0qSL24THu8rvUsTeERfY3aZTT76sr-2E8t6tIgkkceXkuwJwGkxP6AtAnIFdiPHfUaydVIqkIsFPWMBAuxfpUQvUyL9JKkuYpAFoTBtfutBD3vrJiV0fPEhlwPDH-hTMhAyo8k-ps/s400/50W+Electronic+Amplifier+(Rise).gif" title="50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)" width="400" /></a></div> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> R3/R4 are the feedback resistors. The gain is 1+R3/R4 which is approx 16 times, or 24dB. In case you need to increase the input sensitivity you may alter the resistors to suit. Changing R3 to 22k would increase the gain to 30dB and lower the input-required for 50W in to 8 ohm, to 0.6V, without affecting performance much. In case you reduce the worth of R4 you will also need to increase C3 to maintain bass response, as this sets the feedback low frequency roll off.<br /> <br /> Pin ten is a mute input and pin 9 provides a standby mode. Muting ought to always happen before standby mode is selected. Connecting these pins permanently to the supply rail ensures that the amplifier comes on immediately on power up. Any switch-on clicks may be eliminated by increasing the time constants of R5/C4 and R6/C5 if necessary.<br /> <br /> Make definite that a heavy duty heat-sink rated at least one.4 degree C/W or better is used.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXVQFgRSggkBiprVOgAObAad6cna-8Zqr0x-amrX02q6EoXffeXjPNvIymkUohOXqFM97r09mEB-op4oQuOtyMbatmbF5ar4f5kY6rC_ciWsr6bwpik_fkA9qN6HezjoZl0Bke7SPVFCYW/s1600/50W+Electronic+Amplifier+%2528Rise%25291.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)" border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXVQFgRSggkBiprVOgAObAad6cna-8Zqr0x-amrX02q6EoXffeXjPNvIymkUohOXqFM97r09mEB-op4oQuOtyMbatmbF5ar4f5kY6rC_ciWsr6bwpik_fkA9qN6HezjoZl0Bke7SPVFCYW/s400/50W+Electronic+Amplifier+%2528Rise%25291.gif" title="50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)" width="400" /></a></div> <br /></div> </div>

50W Electronic Amplifier (Rise)

06:45

This electronic amplifier project is an IC amplifier module from ST Microelectronics, the TDA7294. It is intended for use as a top quality audio class AB amplifier in hi-fi applications. It's low noise and distortion, wide bandwidth and nice output … Read more »

Read more »