Supreem Circuits Diagram and Projects: Audio

Universal Active Filter Circuit Diagram

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The circuit as shown gives the bandpass operation the transfer function calculated from FBP(s) = where = 1 + s/Qo>0 + s2/w02. The cut-off frequency, 0, and the Q-factor are given by 0 = g/C and Q = gR/2 where g is the trans-conductance at room temperature. Interchanging the capacitor C with the resistor R at the input of the circuit high-pass operation is obtained. A low-pass filter is obtained by applying two parallel connections ctf R and C as shown in Fig. 2. The low-pass operation may be much improved with the circuit as given in Fig. 3. Here the gain and Q may be set up separately with respect to the cut-off frequency according to the equations Q = 1/fB = 1 + R2/R!, A = Q2 and 0 = g ffi/C. </div>
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<b>Universal Active Filter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Universal Active Filter Circuit Diagram

The circuit as shown gives the bandpass operation the transfer function calculated from FBP(s) = where = 1 + s/Qo>0 + s2/w02. The cut-o...

Funk (Twang) Guitar Effect Box Circuit Diagram

Audio 04:19

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This is an audio effect circuit that give extra oscillation to your  guitar, percussive, or semi percussive instruments, you can call it a  funk box. This  guitar effect circuit is basically a damped oscillator  that is set slightly below its critical oscillation point.  </div>
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The  oscillator part is constructed by feeding back the output signal through  a bandpass circuit, with the center frequency is adjusted by  potentiometer R7 to add an extra “twang” , adjustable from low to high  pitched timbre. Potentiometer R4 is used to adjust the gain of the  oscillator, should be set to damp the oscillation at the desired decay  time.  </div>
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To adjust it, turn the knob slowly until a steady oscillation  occurs, and turn back slightly just before it happens (the oscillation  should ceases slowly). Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit.</div>
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<b>Funk (Twang) Guitar Effect Box Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Funk (Twang) Guitar Effect Box Circuit Diagram

This is an audio effect circuit that give extra oscillation to your guitar, percussive, or semi percussive instruments, you can call it a...

Simple Active crossover Circuit Diagram with TL074

Audio 07:00

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<span style="font-size: small;">This is a Simple Active crossover Circuit Diagram with TL074. An audio source, like a mixer, preamp, EQ, or a recorder, is fed to  the input of the Electronic Crossover Circuit. This signal is either AC  or coupling, depending on the setting of switch 51, the non-inverting  input of buffer amplifier Ul-a, a section of a quad BIFET, low amp TL074  noise made by Texas Instruments op. This stage has a gain of 2, and its  output is distributed to both a low pass filter made by R4, R5, C2, C3,  and Uld op-amp, and a high-pass filter made by R6, R7, C4, C5, and op  amp ULC. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">These are12 dB / octave Butterworth filters. The response of  the Butterworth filter was chosen because it gives the best compromise  between the damping and phase. The values of capacitors and resistors varies depending on the  selected connection that your device works. The filter outputs are fed  to a balancing network made by R8, R9, RIO, R14 and potentiometer RLL  balance. When the potentiometer is at its center position, there is a  unity gain bandwidths for both high and low filters. Power for the  electronic circuit is regulated by Crossover R12, RI3, Dl and D2, and  decoupled by C6 and C7.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: small;">Active crossover Circuit Diagram with TL074</span></b></div>
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Simple Active crossover Circuit Diagram with TL074

This is a Simple Active crossover Circuit Diagram with TL074. An audio source, like a mixer, preamp, EQ, or a recorder, is fed to the inp...

Single Chip Theremin Circuit Diagram

Audio 03:52

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This schematic diagram show a single chip Theremin circuit.  Theremin is  an electronic music instrument which sense hand movement to control the  tones/frequency.  This Theremin circuit uses two separate Colpitts LC  oscillators to produce a beat frequency. </div>
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The frequencies of  two  Colpitts LC oscillators are mixed and then rectified. This  rectification  demodulate the mixed signal to get the beat frequency  which is in audible range. This beat frequency or difference is the  real  Theremin’s output. The oscillator is operated at high frequency  (inaudible) to get wide audible frequency range of beat frequency when  two oscillator output is mixed.  This circuit uses a 4011 quad gate to  construct the high frequency  oscillator operating at 250kHz. Here is  the schematic diagram of the  circuit.</div>
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<b>Single Chip Theremin Circuit Diagram</b><br />
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The metal probe that is used to sense your  hand produces only small   frequency shift in term of percentage of original frequency, that’s why   we need to derive the beat frequency to get wide audible frequency  range  as the result of  high frequency shifting. The IC2, an LM741 is  used to amplify the mixed signal before rectification. </div>
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The D1 will   rectify the mixed signal to detect the audio (the beat frequency).  This  audio signal is then filtered by an adjustable bandpass filter IC3. The  further audio amplification before power amplifier IC5  is done by IC4.  The metal toilet-tank float  is used for the hand probe since is has  better sensitivity than a simple wire antenna, but any conductive  material will work.</div>
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Single Chip Theremin Circuit Diagram

This schematic diagram show a single chip Theremin circuit. Theremin is an electronic music instrument which sense hand movement to cont...

Simple HiFi Expandor Circuit Diagram with De-emphasis

Audio 06:10

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This is the schematic design of <b>HiFi Expandor Circuit with  De-emphasis</b>. The circuit is based NE570. The NE570 can be used to  construct a high performance compandor suitable for use with music. This  type of system can be used for noise reduction in tape recorders,  transmission systems, bucket brigade delay lines, and digital audio  systems. The circuits to be described contain features which improve  performance, but are not required for all applications.</div>
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<b> HiFi Expandor Circuit  Diagram </b></div>
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The  expandor to complement the compressor is shown in the above circuit.  Here an external op amp is used for high slew rate. Both the compressor  and expandor have unity gain levels of 0dB. Trim networks are shown for  distortion (THD) and DC shift. The distortion trim should be done first,  with an input of 0dB at 10kHz. The DC shift should be adjusted for  minimum envelope bounce with tone bursts. When applied to consumer tape  recorders, the subjective performance of this system is excellent.</div>
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Simple HiFi Expandor Circuit Diagram with De-emphasis

This is the schematic design of HiFi Expandor Circuit with De-emphasis . The circuit is based NE570. The NE570 can be used to construct ...

Build a 60-dB Range Compressor For Audio

Audio 06:09

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A 60-dB Range Compressor circuit shown in the schematic diagram below can produce  consistent output of 1.4V P-P over entire 60dB range that is very useful  for audio level/volume stabilization.  As the main components, this  circuit uses a 741 opamp and JFET. With input range of 20mV to 2oV, this  circuit has delay time of 0.4s (decay time)  and response time of 1.2ms  (attack time). The JFET is used as  voltage-controlled resistor in  peak-detecting control loop of 741 opamp. Here is the schematic diagram  of the circuit.</div>
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<b> A 60-dB Range Compressor schematic diagram</b></div>
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Build a 60-dB Range Compressor For Audio

A 60-dB Range Compressor circuit shown in the schematic diagram below can produce consistent output of 1.4V P-P over entire 60dB range th...

Simple Discrete Sliding Tone (Frequency Ramp) Doorbell

Audio 03:00

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This Discrete Sliding Tone (Frequency Ramp) Doorbell circuit produces a low tone that will slide up to higher  frequency. The equivalent total resistance connected between the base of  Q1 and ground (Rbg) , and coupling capacitor  C1  determines the AF  oscillator’s frequency. The resistance (Rbg) is equal to (R2+R1)R3.  </div>
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Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit. The R2 is used to set the initial bias condition, adjusted to produce a  pleasant low starting frequency doorbell tone. D1 will start to conduct  when Capacitor C3 charge through R6 until it reaches D1 bias  voltage  level. </div>
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Then the value of Rbg is paralleled by R4 and D1, and R5-D2-D3,  and the values of diode’s equivalent resistance is gradually decreased  as the C3 voltage ramp up.  This decreasing resistance value make the  output tone slides up in frequency.  Two different diode path is  provided to extend the linear area of diode conduction transition slope.  With two path with different biases, after the single diode path has  saturated, the second path provide further linear increase at higher  voltage level.</div>
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 <b>Discrete Sliding Tone (Frequency Ramp) Doorbell Circuit</b></div>
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Simple Discrete Sliding Tone (Frequency Ramp) Doorbell

This Discrete Sliding Tone (Frequency Ramp) Doorbell circuit produces a low tone that will slide up to higher frequency. The equivalent t...

Build a 15W Bridge Audio Amplifier Circuit based TDA2002

Amplifier, Audio 21:08

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<b>Build a 15W Bridge Audio Amplifier Circuit based TDA2002</b>. 15W bridge audio amplifier circuit which use 2 pieces of TDA2002. This  is audio amplifier for general, work with a single power supply. Use 2A  power supply transformer for maximum performance and heatsink should be  used to keep the IC from overheating.</div>
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<b>Build a 15W Bridge Audio Amplifier Circuit based TDA2002</b></div>
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<b>Component part list:</b><br />
<table cellpadding="10"><tbody>
<tr><td>R1-5 = 2.7?<br />
R2 = 100?<br />
R3-4 = 2.2?<br />
R6 = 220?<br />
R7 = 1M?<br />
TR1 = 100K? trimmer</td> <td>C1-9 = 10uF/16V<br />
C2-8 = 220uF/16V<br />
C3-4-5-7 = 100nF/63V<br />
C6=470uF/25V<br />
IC1-2=TDA2002<br />
Lsp = 4 – 8?/40W Loundspeaker</td></tr>
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Build a 15W Bridge Audio Amplifier Circuit based TDA2002

Build a 15W Bridge Audio Amplifier Circuit based TDA2002 . 15W bridge audio amplifier circuit which use 2 pieces of TDA2002. This is audi...

Using TDA7056 3W BTL Mono Audio Power Amplifier

Amplifier, Audio 09:40

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For mono output amplifier application,  <b>TDA7056 </b> IC can be your option.  Compact but powerful, this integrated circuit is contained in a 9 pin  medium power package. This device is designed for battery fed portable  equipments such as mono recorders, radios and television. To attract the  market, <b>TDA7056</b> has many features such as low power consumption. For  more reliable operation, <b>TDA7056</b> also has short circuit proof and ESD  (Electro Static Discharge) protected on all pins.  Designing application  with this IC should be easy since no external components is needed. To  make sure you’ll love this chip, this device also has no switch on/off  clicks. Overall, <b>TDA7056</b> has good stability.</div>
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<b> TDA7056 3W BTL Mono Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Using TDA7056 3W BTL Mono Audio Power Amplifier

For mono output amplifier application, TDA7056 IC can be your option. Compact but powerful, this integrated circuit is contained in a ...

Simple Sound-Activated Lamp (Relay/Switch)

Audio, SWITCHS 23:01

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This simple <b>Sound-Activated Lamp</b> circuit shown int the schematic diagram actives the switch  using sound. We can use this circuit for various applications, such as  automatic (sound-controlled) disco light or car’s LED light show.  The  Q1 amplify the audio from mic. The R1 is used to adjust the peak of  signal to greater than about 0.7 volts, act as sensitivity adjuster. A  certain level, the signal coming from microphone, after amplification by  Q1, will trigger the SCR and light lamp I1. If we change the lamp with a  relay, then we can get a sound-activated relay/switch, which can be  used to control more powerful / high wattage high voltage lamps. If we  use a relay, place a 1N4007 diode in parallel with the relay coil to  prevent the back-emf from  relay coil destroying the SCR. </div>
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<b> Sound-Activated Lamp Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidqrniTv-jFWhjYIEHAA-V39i70nFWC8zt_j6YdxZvgUBAeChSxlnqifFU0UCzRvn7lU52Mi4sjKkNeYeU27a5YVJ3iQsZRFIv_gd8VeXBjTo6RVwVFZRmZeR8bsLB9TEuUApUyLGuFZ66/s401/Sound-Activated+Lamp.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" Sound-Activated Lamp Circuit Diagram" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidqrniTv-jFWhjYIEHAA-V39i70nFWC8zt_j6YdxZvgUBAeChSxlnqifFU0UCzRvn7lU52Mi4sjKkNeYeU27a5YVJ3iQsZRFIv_gd8VeXBjTo6RVwVFZRmZeR8bsLB9TEuUApUyLGuFZ66/s1600/Sound-Activated+Lamp.gif" title=" Sound-Activated Lamp Circuit Diagram" /></a></div>
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Simple Sound-Activated Lamp (Relay/Switch)

This simple Sound-Activated Lamp circuit shown int the schematic diagram actives the switch using sound. We can use this circuit for var...

LM3900 Audio Mixer Circuit Diagram

Audio 23:00

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This audio mixer circuit doesn’t use a low impedance input to mix no  ideal  sources, but use many <b>amplifiers </b>to provide  ideal sources before  mixed through simple resistors. Ideal source means a sources with low  impedances, make the interaction between signals in the output doesn’t  affect the input.   Please note that this mixer circuit has high  impedance output, so you’ll need an next processing equipment with  appropriate  input specs. This audio mixer circuit is designed around an  LM3900 quad op amp and combines 2 line and 2 mike inputs and sums them  at the output terminal. To vary the gain (around +23 dB), we can change  the R7 through R10.</div>
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<b> LM3900 Audio Mixer Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xXKFzL047qzb86NP0tCEy0yerYp-m_KeQIbea0ebZfEHcDAcDXblsn4I-3WCoS6E-_UgF3BATVKNRS1oEl-jAbU_aoVINhj9AqJ0PCoaPxD7AfzPa5AUW9RpD8f4o_lp0sMv0TLmzygf/s594/LM3900+Audio+Mixer.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="LM3900 Audio Mixer Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2xXKFzL047qzb86NP0tCEy0yerYp-m_KeQIbea0ebZfEHcDAcDXblsn4I-3WCoS6E-_UgF3BATVKNRS1oEl-jAbU_aoVINhj9AqJ0PCoaPxD7AfzPa5AUW9RpD8f4o_lp0sMv0TLmzygf/s640/LM3900+Audio+Mixer.gif" title="LM3900 Audio Mixer Circuit Diagram" width="538" /></a></div>
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LM3900 Audio Mixer Circuit Diagram

This audio mixer circuit doesn’t use a low impedance input to mix no ideal sources, but use many amplifiers to provide ideal sources be...

Simple 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt and Low Cost Circuit Diagram

Audio 23:53

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<b> 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram</b>, I would like to present the low voltage and low cost for beginner developer.  This is the kind 6n2p Triode Vacuum Tube Russia Tube very cheap compared to other tube models.  Only cost $ 10-15 for a true beginner. Also easy to find in the market .</div>
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The quality of their own personal thoughts of my own. Well honestly say that sometimes can get resistant.  Instead of a 12AX7 plugged it by changing the pressure tube, topped only cycle . I try to create this  Use only one tube. Working as a stereo (two halves of a single lamp), using low power as well.</div>
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 <b> 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l0tSGt6UnGCRx5qncrrJ7yvMZicxbTVTutwep83xF9k68Py3j3lyoEbmr6lLXh3i96y9VVKUHvLp7Z2y6tK5yGdkO5ha3eMQ_-3oEX95FLsZct1Yetqflc5zK78lxDOxWUoZjq9247zq/s772/Simple+6N2P+Tube+Pre-Tone+Low+Volt+&+Low+Cost+Circuit+Diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9l0tSGt6UnGCRx5qncrrJ7yvMZicxbTVTutwep83xF9k68Py3j3lyoEbmr6lLXh3i96y9VVKUHvLp7Z2y6tK5yGdkO5ha3eMQ_-3oEX95FLsZct1Yetqflc5zK78lxDOxWUoZjq9247zq/s400/Simple+6N2P+Tube+Pre-Tone+Low+Volt+&+Low+Cost+Circuit+Diagram.jpg" title=" 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div>
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That if one wants to create a high fire. Put values as I get it offline because I reference values from the Data Sheet.</div>
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But do not suggest we fire up to 250 Volts Capacitor find the 350v. The price is expensive and over again.<br />
I recommend creating a 230v. And then use the Cap 250 v. easy to find  cheap used instead of the sound was no difference between voltage 250 to  230.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4HwljThnV51duLu_ryvrhVHGKX7Vo4ap75MR9KaRNqf1T0wleVmczn0DSCwNJPPTxhIBVWon-CBIsyv1nVcT_DHJ5XijPrMMy-OCP0wDKSCUM64TDw9YQENVnuaipHUXMEe_vxNdIhNS/s300/Simple+6N2P+Tube+Pre-Tone+Low+Volt+%2526+Low+Cost+Circuit+Diagram1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4HwljThnV51duLu_ryvrhVHGKX7Vo4ap75MR9KaRNqf1T0wleVmczn0DSCwNJPPTxhIBVWon-CBIsyv1nVcT_DHJ5XijPrMMy-OCP0wDKSCUM64TDw9YQENVnuaipHUXMEe_vxNdIhNS/s300/Simple+6N2P+Tube+Pre-Tone+Low+Volt+%2526+Low+Cost+Circuit+Diagram1.jpg" title="complete  6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram" /></a></div>
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The trial was a pre-tone light bulb with + – 35 Volts with the famous circuit 741.  But output is not satisfactory offline … hum a lot. Experimental values are being changed. To complete the circuit.  Before, and I will be published offline because many people  complained that the transformer is quite difficult to find ideas to this  circuit.<br />
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I do, then listen to the sound does not make sense at first, it offline. Central held very outstanding voice .. much agitation.  But keep it open for a few days … to draw a lot more sense … mixing different sounds much less.  Really listen. Voice is getting better offline …. now I’m comparing 12AX7.  6DJ8 6N2P 6N23P them on . wait a minute per well offline.  Pictures show that I was to hear of the TDA2030 OTL 30watt.</div>
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Simple 6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt and Low Cost Circuit Diagram

6N2P Tube Pre-Tone Low Volt & Low Cost Circuit Diagram , I would like to present the low voltage and low cost for beginner developer....

Build a 25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005

Amplifier, Audio 05:44

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This is the 25W bridge audio amplifier built using single power IC  TDA2005. Actually, the TDA2005 is a stereo power amplifier chip. It has  two input channels and two output channel and delivers about 10W power  output for each channel, since it connected in bridge mode then it will  delivering up to 25W audio output. Take a note that the speaker  terminals should not conected to the ground and mount the IC on the  heatsink to prevent overheating.</div>
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<b> 25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005 Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOSATda5f-r5YSMCruA1hoEB1jW7s2Rzj7fk1tGfk2pJ3c1xCpNt8wzCFIJx20lIGfL_H4z5WGRG5YAMVNF4SZn08V29UQ2VBarfS6Sm5GaOiMhVOit_fJ5ZgiiW9pAb03wKk4uyeGJBhu/s1600/Build+a+25W+Bridge+Audio+Amplifier+with+TDA2005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005" border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOSATda5f-r5YSMCruA1hoEB1jW7s2Rzj7fk1tGfk2pJ3c1xCpNt8wzCFIJx20lIGfL_H4z5WGRG5YAMVNF4SZn08V29UQ2VBarfS6Sm5GaOiMhVOit_fJ5ZgiiW9pAb03wKk4uyeGJBhu/s400/Build+a+25W+Bridge+Audio+Amplifier+with+TDA2005.jpg" title="25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Parts List:</b><br />
R1 = 120K?<br />
R2,5,6 = 1K?<br />
R3,4 = 12?<br />
R7,8= 1?<br />
C1,5,7 = 220uF/25V<br />
C2,10,11 = 100nF<br />
C3,4 = 2.2uF/25V<br />
C6,8 = 100uF/25V<br />
C9 = 10uF/25V<br />
IC1 = LM2005M / TDA2005</div>

Build a 25W Bridge Audio Amplifier with TDA2005

This is the 25W bridge audio amplifier built using single power IC TDA2005. Actually, the TDA2005 is a stereo power amplifier chip. It ha...

Build a 3 Channels Audio Splitter Amplifier Circuit Diagram using TL084

Amplifier, Audio 05:28

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This is the schematic diagram of 3 channels audio splitter amplifier  circuit which built using op-amp IC TL084. The 3 channels amplifier  output distribution applies a single TL084.</div>
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  3 Channels Audio Splitter Amplifier Circuit Diagram</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNf85YEVHrHTlmgpjAwLWiT3Tx0ugY9sb49swfC_IqDbSys_fG3pSLHAxyKDqlDsxZzNtN9Die4piYTe9dxgS9XrcDJrsi996dgHUKEo6XakKXxqZXMCItvCIBVazmF2MDvJchEWbtPJ1/s1600/Build+a+3+Channels+Audio+Splitter+Amplifier+Circuit+Diagram+using+TL084.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="  3 Channels Audio Splitter Amplifier Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiNf85YEVHrHTlmgpjAwLWiT3Tx0ugY9sb49swfC_IqDbSys_fG3pSLHAxyKDqlDsxZzNtN9Die4piYTe9dxgS9XrcDJrsi996dgHUKEo6XakKXxqZXMCItvCIBVazmF2MDvJchEWbtPJ1/s400/Build+a+3+Channels+Audio+Splitter+Amplifier+Circuit+Diagram+using+TL084.jpg" title="  3 Channels Audio Splitter Amplifier Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div>
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The very first step  is to capacitive coupling having a p. 1.0 ~ electrolytic capacitor. The  entries are railways Vee Y2 or 4.5 V. This enables working with an  individual 9V power source. A voltage gain of 10 (1 M?/100 Kohm) is  obtained in the first stage, as well as the other three floors are  connected as a unity gain voltage followers. Every single output stage  drives independently through an amplifier output 50 pF capacitor towards  the resistance of 5.1 k ohm load. The response range is flat from 10 Hz  to 30 kHz. <a href="http://www.circuitsproject.com/" target="_blank">Link</a></div>
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Build a 3 Channels Audio Splitter Amplifier Circuit Diagram using TL084

This is the schematic diagram of 3 channels audio splitter amplifier circuit which built using op-amp IC TL084. The 3 channels amplifier ...

Build a Bass-Treble Tone Control Circuit Diagram

Audio 05:30

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<b>How build a Bass-Treble Tone Control Circuit Diagram</b> . The LM1036 is a DC controlled tone (bass/treble), volume and balance  circuit for stereo applications in car radio, TV and <b>audio </b>systems. An  additional control input allows loudness compensation to be simply  effected. Four control inputs provide control of the bass, treble,  balance and volume functions through application of DC voltages from a  remote control system or, alternatively, from four potentiometers which  may be biased from a zener regulated supply provided on the circuit.  Each tone response is defined by a single capacitor chosen to give the  desired characteristic.</div>
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<b> Build a Bass-Treble Tone Control Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdZuhvgE-GaE93MXPfi15EfUKVYXnkxYeMDt507sx9bCDHV8GMmm-Jj_hTWWaLNaMcN1T1lhPWOfanJ4jUXJ3tJB0nYcrwb5gioZbSZyKPJ7JsZpZu6GhPaA9LxXiTWb5SZDRcrPjRMhPB/s1600/Build+a+Bass-Treble+Tone+Control+Circuit+Diagram.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdZuhvgE-GaE93MXPfi15EfUKVYXnkxYeMDt507sx9bCDHV8GMmm-Jj_hTWWaLNaMcN1T1lhPWOfanJ4jUXJ3tJB0nYcrwb5gioZbSZyKPJ7JsZpZu6GhPaA9LxXiTWb5SZDRcrPjRMhPB/s400/Build+a+Bass-Treble+Tone+Control+Circuit+Diagram.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Features:</b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Wide supply voltage range, 9V to 16V</li>
<li>Large volume control range, 75 dB typical</li>
<li>Tone control, ±15 dB typical</li>
<li>Channel separation, 75 dB typical</li>
<li>Low distortion, 0.06% typical for an input level of 0.3 Vrms</li>
<li>High signal to noise, 80 dB typical for an input level of 0.3 Vrms</li>
<li>Few external components required</li>
</ul>
<b>Note:</b><br />
Vcc can be anything between 9V to 16V and the output capacitors are<br />
10uF/25V electrolytic.<br />
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Build a Bass-Treble Tone Control Circuit Diagram

How build a Bass-Treble Tone Control Circuit Diagram . The LM1036 is a DC controlled tone (bass/treble), volume and balance circuit for ...

Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram

Amplifier, Audio 10:05

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This is the <b>Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram</b> with linear phase  response. The problems that exist at common crossover circuit is known.  The low pass filter causes a delay in the signal. Unlike the high-pass  filter causes a head in the signal passing through it. Thus the  frequency separation created some problems such as:</div>
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<li>Signals of the two filters are mutually exclusive</li>
<li>The phase shift between the filter affects the radiation</li>
<li>The radiation pattern depends on the frequency</li>
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The  crossover circuit tries to solve many of the problems mentioned above  and based on a study of S. Lipshitz and J.  Vanderkooy, published in the  JAES (Journal Audio Engineering Society). A lattice separation uses a  linear phase low-pass section with the help of a time delay circuit and a  circuit removal gives the output signal with high-pass filter  characteristics. The time delay is not constant over the entire  frequency range, but changing very slowly and mainly there are phase  differences between signals of the two charges, not even close to the  crossover.</div>
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<b>Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvs1rusCdtC5w0vAKA_nO4rWlnfUipf30XQNbR-YBjxw54zR9gp0cDSvGvoYKn7eXGkngVsRZwde6ABupLa4qYKjjIGK7RWcENXlo5V6J56TAgGW5Mo8YZB1D2sqiSuEUfPkVmaHfcufx/s1600/3-Way+Active+Crossover+Circuit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuvs1rusCdtC5w0vAKA_nO4rWlnfUipf30XQNbR-YBjxw54zR9gp0cDSvGvoYKn7eXGkngVsRZwde6ABupLa4qYKjjIGK7RWcENXlo5V6J56TAgGW5Mo8YZB1D2sqiSuEUfPkVmaHfcufx/s640/3-Way+Active+Crossover+Circuit.jpg" title="Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div>
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The circuit consists separation as shown in block diagram [Fig.2] two  low pass filters of fourth grade, -24db/oct for a line of low-frequency  signals and one for the high frequency separation. In the same  frequencies operate both units delay time T1 (for low frequency F1) and  T2 (for high frequency F2) and give the same phase characteristics of  the low pass section.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpxhyxpq6tRH5HVbF0MejNC6LkgVTB4uqShbJCrpd91M94TGJL05qTWn84yD64fzv380lRpoxJqFCCKpKQUrE5hpA1-PFcke1VRU8Jijhcrs7qg1MGnvL2I3NSwIUyldn7FjvpYH9amjK/s1600/amplifier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGpxhyxpq6tRH5HVbF0MejNC6LkgVTB4uqShbJCrpd91M94TGJL05qTWn84yD64fzv380lRpoxJqFCCKpKQUrE5hpA1-PFcke1VRU8Jijhcrs7qg1MGnvL2I3NSwIUyldn7FjvpYH9amjK/s400/amplifier.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The delay circuit T1 simulates the time delay introduced by  low-frequency filter LPF1, while T2 simulates the time delay introduced  by low-frequency filter LPF2 that exists in the line of midrange. Then  the signal from the low pass filter removed [IC7A-B] of the signal has  been delayed, a clear signal that the characteristics are the same as a  signal that has passed through a high pass filter. At the exit of each  line is a trimmer with which we can adjust the level between the levels  of loudspeakers. The power circuit is a well-stabilized voltage + /-15V.  The use of meshed split fourth order Linkwitz forcing crossovers be  located at-6db [Fig.3].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjADNShhPxLnvHthCm8wnZSZeMuU2L8oYrIk2ktFo0Qkd1rZxLimAGIIeSXuT5mSneYl8SIxr1a1XqnhRcVebX9BYrjT17scDdUngxH7o2aVQfQ879r2AOWv9Ag_99qaIbLa_qU4-ZvyLFz/s1600/fig+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjADNShhPxLnvHthCm8wnZSZeMuU2L8oYrIk2ktFo0Qkd1rZxLimAGIIeSXuT5mSneYl8SIxr1a1XqnhRcVebX9BYrjT17scDdUngxH7o2aVQfQ879r2AOWv9Ag_99qaIbLa_qU4-ZvyLFz/s320/fig+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The above picture shows the main circuits and the necessary formulas for  calculating the low pass filters as well as trusses time delay. There  is also an example calculation for crossovers and 200IZ 3KIZ that will  help calculate and adjust to your needs. The circuit derived from a  relevant article of the magazine Elektor.  </div>
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<b>Components List:</b><br />
R1,16 = 100Kohms<br />
R2,3,4,5 = 56Kohms<br />
R6,27 = 37.5Kohms[33K+4.7K]<br />
R8,9,12,13,14 = 10Kohms<br />
R10,28 = 75Kohms (150K//150K)<br />
R11,29 = NC<br />
R15 = 56.3Kohms<br />
R17 = 12Kohms<br />
R18,19,20,21,22 = 10Kohms<br />
R23,24,25,26 = 37.5Kohms [33K+4.7K]<br />
R30,31,32,33,34,35,36 = 10Kohms<br />
R37,38,39,40,41,41 = 10Kohms<br />
R42,43,44 = 47Kohms<br />
R45,46 = 47 ohms<br />
TR1,2,3,4 = 47Kohms trimmer or pot.<br />
C1,34,35 = 2.2uF 100V MKT<br />
C2,3,7,8,14,15,18 = 47nF 100V MKT<br />
C4,5,6,9,10,11,16,17 = 10nF 100V MKT<br />
C12,13,20,21,22 = 1nF 100V MKT<br />
C19,23,24,30,31,32,33 = 47nF 100V MKT<br />
C25,26,27,28,29 = 1nF 100V MKT<br />
C36,37 = 1uF 100V MKT<br />
C38,39 = 47uF 25V<br />
IC1 = TL071<br />
IC2,3,4,5,6,7 = TL072,NE5532<br />
All the resistors is 1/4W 1% metal film</div>
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Sourced by <b>Elektor</b> </div>
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Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram

This is the Simple 3-Way Active Crossover Circuit Diagram with linear phase response. The problems that exist at common crossover circui...

Simple Tone Booster Schematic Diagram

Amplifier, Audio 04:20

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This is the tone booster schematic diagram which is published on  Everyday Electronics, September 1978 edition. The peaks of frequencies  is at 5000 Hz for a “cleaner and more penetrating” sound. The Q1 type is  ztx384, while the Q2 is BC415p.</div>
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<b> Simple Tone Booster Schematic Diagram</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpdfK1JbNK2oYAR9xu_wLAGqsftE7jkJdQJad3FETsArj_ZTIsnUufxGYVupe0ahVuFjHHWz9O3EZZX1x7hXopg4PgeSdt8_12VU3glN75sL8Lvw-jv3CuDEVRhbVpWzGdc4kPF44m2OXk/s1600/Simple+Tone+Booster+Schematic+Diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpdfK1JbNK2oYAR9xu_wLAGqsftE7jkJdQJad3FETsArj_ZTIsnUufxGYVupe0ahVuFjHHWz9O3EZZX1x7hXopg4PgeSdt8_12VU3glN75sL8Lvw-jv3CuDEVRhbVpWzGdc4kPF44m2OXk/s640/Simple+Tone+Booster+Schematic+Diagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Simple Tone Booster Schematic Diagram

This is the tone booster schematic diagram which is published on Everyday Electronics, September 1978 edition. The peaks of frequencies ...

Simple 30 Watt VHF Amplifier by using 2SC1946A

Amplifier, Audio 04:15

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The 30 watt <b>amplifier</b> schematic shown below provides an appropriate  power boost with an input of 4 watt up to 6 watts. The circuit is  designed to cover 88-108MHz FM Broadcast Band. However, the circuit is  very stable at my place and provides a clean-output through seven (7)  element Butter-worth low-pass filter.<br />
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<b>Circuit Diagram:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kUL9owcrNfex5pfodGISCMATGupvi27PZphdaVo0CxpJZs6ZNNfcpRU-J_oDwHOCMNTHu69vNafagx6lvAUn7YwDY-S9etCBSpvrbp02T9tJi8WmyVn_ciImLECK1dioJDXwul81RWHt/s1600/30+Watt+VHF+Amplifier+by+using.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_kUL9owcrNfex5pfodGISCMATGupvi27PZphdaVo0CxpJZs6ZNNfcpRU-J_oDwHOCMNTHu69vNafagx6lvAUn7YwDY-S9etCBSpvrbp02T9tJi8WmyVn_ciImLECK1dioJDXwul81RWHt/s640/30+Watt+VHF+Amplifier+by+using.gif" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Notes:</b><br />
The heart of the circuit is 2SC1946A VHF RF power transistor. The  transistor is specifically designed for operation in frequencies up to  175 MHz, with very good results. As you can see, the power line is well  decoupled. The <b>amplifier</b> current can be over 5 amps. All the coils are  made from 16gauge laminated wire (or Silver copper wire can do best) and  the RFC can be of HF toroid core (as shown in the picture) or 6 holes  ferrite bead.C3 and R1 forms snubber circuit while R2 and C6 prevent the  <b>amplifier</b> from self-oscillation at VHF, sometimes you need to add 180  ohms in parallel with L7.That will cause the <b>amplifier</b> to dissipate  UNDESIRABLE VHF thereby reducing spurious level.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOqtpJBBC6O5XRjy0VIZTDpj4IVhebgjxAOffbhLz1Gvk7bO5yS5k4ZAtIHS436ldnwqxlIaIiVACcSs4CcU_878LFLDANDa4EB5e_QlmiYEGFvDept0eyIxZkh0O69cvbPz-kD43G8kO5/s1600/30+Watt+VHF+Amplifier+by+using.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOqtpJBBC6O5XRjy0VIZTDpj4IVhebgjxAOffbhLz1Gvk7bO5yS5k4ZAtIHS436ldnwqxlIaIiVACcSs4CcU_878LFLDANDa4EB5e_QlmiYEGFvDept0eyIxZkh0O69cvbPz-kD43G8kO5/s400/30+Watt+VHF+Amplifier+by+using.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The photo below is 60Watts VHF power <b>amplifier</b> using the above circuit.  Two of 2SC1946A transistors are arranged at 90 degrees to each other and  their outputs are combined using "Power Combiner Network”. It is quite  difficult to combine powers at VHF and UHF bands.<br />
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However, I recommend that hobbies should stick to single power design  due to its complicity and large rate of INTERFERENCE. (in attempt to go  for double transistors which involves power combiner network). Since the  two <b>amplifier</b>s are operating in different phase (out of phase).<br />
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<b>Tuning:</b><br />
Tuning of the <b>amplifier</b> is not hard at all. You just have to connect the  output to a good antenna with a transmission line (RG214) of 50 ohms.  First match the output network, and then do the same to the input  network for a maximum power output. By way of adjustment, you can  increase the output at its operating frequency. </div>

Simple 30 Watt VHF Amplifier by using 2SC1946A

The 30 watt amplifier schematic shown below provides an appropriate power boost with an input of 4 watt up to 6 watts. The circuit is ...

Build a 20W Bridge Audio Amplifier

Amplifier, Audio 04:14

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<b>Specifications:</b></div>
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<li>20W Bridge Audio Amplifier kit, based on the TDA2005 IC, a class B  dual audio amplifier, specifically designed for car radio applications  etc.</li>
<li>Power supply - 18 VDC</li>
<li>Output power - 20 W, 4 Ω</li>
<li>IC built in Thermal Shut-down, Load dump voltage surge protected</li>
<li>Terminal pins for connecting left and right audio signal inputs</li>
<li>Relimate Connector for connecting Potentiometer (POT) for volume adjustment</li>
<li>Power Battery Terminal (PBT) for easy power supply and speaker connection</li>
<li>Power-On LED indicator</li>
<li>Heatsink for IC</li>
<li>Four mounting holes of 3.2 mm each with nut and stud</li>
<li>PCB dimensions 63 mm x 65 mm</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Schematic:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghJIhyphenhyphenn7DD8d26sLtxN52YvuS8iEgomxDf5VO3s4POSz43SfmZJK6t_7dB3yuRTehAotIcsLSmK6dZ2z76vyog29-OLuX7D0aVHTL36Eds2Ll9ewcbJFhwWYncmOEnmy1wpa8OFhD1htcm/s1600/20+WAT+AMLIFIER.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Build a 20W Bridge Audio Amplifier" border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghJIhyphenhyphenn7DD8d26sLtxN52YvuS8iEgomxDf5VO3s4POSz43SfmZJK6t_7dB3yuRTehAotIcsLSmK6dZ2z76vyog29-OLuX7D0aVHTL36Eds2Ll9ewcbJFhwWYncmOEnmy1wpa8OFhD1htcm/s400/20+WAT+AMLIFIER.gif" title="Build a 20W Bridge Audio Amplifier" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Pcb</b><br />
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<b><br /></b><b>Parts List</b><br />
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Build a 20W Bridge Audio Amplifier

Specifications: 20W Bridge Audio Amplifier kit, based on the TDA2005 IC, a class B dual audio amplifier, specifically designed for car ...

How To Build Hammonator Organ to Guitar Amp Conversion Circuit Diagram

Amplifier, Audio 09:44

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In the world of electronics, vacuum tubes are almost obsolete. Nearly  the last holdout, the cathode ray tube (CRT), is rapidly being replaced  by the LCD and other new technologies. Despite this trend, the vacuum  tube has seen a big revival in the field of guitar amplifiers, and to a  lesser extent, hi-fi <b>amplifiers</b>. Vacuum tubes and related parts have  become more readily available in recent years as numerous companies have  tapped into this market.</div>
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The reason for the popularity of tubes in guitar amps involves the nice  tones that are produced when tubes are driven to the point of  distortion. For some background on this, follow some of the links on The  Strat Monger. There are numerous solid state "modeling amps" that try  to simulate vacuum tube amps with digital signal processing (DSP)  techniques, but in the end, that method is never more than a simulation.  It just ain't the same as the real thing.</div>
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One can spend a large amount of money and time building a tube amp from  scratch. <b>Hammond organ ampifiers </b>chassis are available on the surplus  market for a reasonable price, they make a good starting point for a  guitar amp. The difficult job of cutting chassis holes for the tubes and  transformers is already done, one just needs to drill a few holes for  the potentiometers and connectors. This project started with the <b>amplifier</b> from a Hammond M2 organ, chassis model AO14-1B.
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<b>  Hammonator Organ to Guitar Amp Conversion Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxfUM35b3mnAvNTzxfaPC2sF5hqHEImnlVpcSX8dHEuYSnP8StbT-bbKiqTdKX8EPg2rVogbzGzJZrlZjSUnS84svy4g2UgrLMAvv1nUpT9QlOd6VvktHe0HDu5oaRHXb4ho35Rk-UE77/s1600/Hammonator1r3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Hammonator Organ to Guitar Amp Conversion Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxfUM35b3mnAvNTzxfaPC2sF5hqHEImnlVpcSX8dHEuYSnP8StbT-bbKiqTdKX8EPg2rVogbzGzJZrlZjSUnS84svy4g2UgrLMAvv1nUpT9QlOd6VvktHe0HDu5oaRHXb4ho35Rk-UE77/s640/Hammonator1r3.jpg" title="Hammonator Organ to Guitar Amp Conversion Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div>
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The output stage of this amplifier resembles a fusion between a Fender  Princeton Reverb, Fender Vibroverb and ham radio transmitter. With 6V6  output tubes running at a 420V plate voltage, it puts out approximately  18 watts of audio power. The 17" reverb tank provides a deep echoey  sound. The "simpler is better" philosophy was used in the design,  multiple inputs with their own preamp stages were intentionally avoided  to reduce hiss. The amp is plenty loud, and the sound quality is  excellent. The Hammonator amp has worked well driving both 12" and 15"  guitar speakers.<br />
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The <b>Hammonator</b> Model 1 amp is a simplified version of the Hammonator  2RVT circuit. Builders can start with the Model 1 circuit and easily add  the Model 2RVT Vibrato/Tremolo circuitry at a later date.There are a  few unique features in this amp, and some slight deviations from the  aforementioned simplicity goal. An optional fluorescent EM87/6HU6 "magic  eye" tube (EM87 in action) is used for an output level meter, it is fun  to stare at while playing. The EM87 uses a peak reading circuit that  was inspired by this design then modified somewhat. There is a reverb  send control (Dwell) that can be used to expand the variety of reverb  sounds. Most Fender amps send only a full-strength signal to the reverb  spring. By turning the reverb send signal down a bit, a less "clangy"  and more "spacey" reverb sound results.<br />
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The <b>Hammonator</b> also features a negative feedback control. With the  feedback control turned all the way to the left (max negative feedback),  the amp compresses the signal and the waveform peaks are reduced. With  the feedback control turned all the way to the right, the sound is  louder and less compressed and approaches that of the popular Fender  Tweed Deluxe (5E3) amps. The feedback control could also be called  "Clarity", "Gain" or "Presence".<br />
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This amp uses four octal base 6SN7 dual triode tubes for most of the low  level signal amplification instead of the more common 12AX7 or 12AU7  tubes. This was done because the chassis was already set up for the  octal sockets. Boutique amp enthusiasts will probably like this feature  since the 6SN7 tubes are older and may have more of a vintage amp sound.  Fortunately, the 6SN7 is still easy to acquire. This amp has been  "tuned" for good sound, the bias settings of all of the tube stages were  tweaked while a guitar was plugged in. This process was used to  optimize the musical qualities of the amp. Not all vintage 6SN7 tubes  are the same, quieter Sylvania tubes were used for VT1 and VT3 to reduce  the hiss, nosier RCA and GE tubes were used elsewhere. You can test for  noisy 6SN7 tubes by putting them in the VT1 socket, listening to the  hiss level and tapping on the tube to listen for microphonics.<br />
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It is possible to change VT1, the first preamplifier and tone recovery  tube, from a lower gain 6SN7 dual triode to a higher gain 6SL7 dual  triode without any wiring changes. This allows the amplifier to work  better with low output guitar pickups. This trick is often done with  other amps by swapping 12AU7, 12AT7, 12AY7 and 12AX7 tubes, they all  share the same pinout but have different gains.<br />
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The newer and more common AO-29 (M3 organ) chassis would also make a  good chassis for a guitar amp conversion. The three 9 pin tube sockets  could be used for 12AX7 or 12AU7 dual triode tubes and the five 7 pin  tube sockets could be filled with common 6AV6 tubes (similar to a single  12AX7 triode) or 6C4 tubes (similar to a single 12AU7 triode). A  similar circuit layout could be used on the AO-29 chassis but the  cathode bias resistor values on the 7 and 9 pin preamp triodes would  need to be changed from the values used on the 6SN7 tubes. The AO-29  power transformer and output transformer are very similar to those used  in the AO-14.<br />
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<b>Connections:</b><br />
Power Input - grounded 120VAC<br />
Guitar Input - High Impedance<br />
Reverb Send<br />
Reverb Return<br />
Speaker Output - 8 ohms<br />
<br />
<b>Controls:</b><br />
On/Off (on the back)<br />
Input Volume<br />
Bass<br />
Treble<br />
Reverb Send (Dwell)<br />
Reverb Return<br />
Feedback (Gain)<br />
<br />
<b>Theory:</b><br />
The AC power input circuitry was modified from the original Hammond  circuit. The power transformer is old enough that it was designed to run  on 110V-115V mains instead of the 120V mains found today. Running the  stock amp on 120V produces higher filament and B+ voltages, the higher  filament voltages can shorten the life of the tubes. This problem can be  easily fixed by putting the 5V rectifier filament winding in series  with the AC primary winding. The 5V phasing must be correct, the easy  way to test this is to try both orientations and monitor the 6.3V  filament winding, use the lower wiring that produces the lower voltage.  When the tubes are plugged, the filament voltage should be very close to  6.3V.<br />
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A grounded plug was used, this is critical for safety. A 2 amp fuse and  switch are used to provide a standard fused disconnect. The varistor on  the transformer primary protects against line voltage transients, those  can get multiplied on the high voltage output winding and cause damage.<br />
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The transformer high voltage winding is sent to a center tapped full  wave rectifier consisting of two 1N4007 diodes. The high voltage DC is  dropped through a typical chain of resistors and capacitors to produce  the voltages used in the amp. The first resistor (150 ohms/2 Watt) is  used to set the initial B1+ voltage that drives the power output tubes.<br />
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There is a lot of misinformation on the net about tube rectifiers vs  solid state rectifiers and the effect on amp sound. This probably  derives from the more efficient nature of solid state diodes and the  resulting higher voltage when a direct substitution is done. Putting a  resistor after the diodes drops the B+ voltage to a level that is closer  to that achieved with a 5U4 rectifier. The diodes have the advantage of  better efficiency due to the lack of a high power filament, the power  transformer will also run cooler using diodes. The 1nF/1KV capacitors  across the diodes protect against high voltage transients and eliminate  RF rectification issues.<br />
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The 5H inductor choke is used to reduce hum in the preamp stages, the  value is not especially critical. The 220nF capacitors in the power  supply are fairly unique to this design, they improve the high frequency  response of the amp. This is a trick that was borrowed from solid state  circuitry. If you don't have any 220nF caps, 100nF caps should do the  job.<br />
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The Vbias- negative voltage is derived from a half wave rectifier and a  resistive ladder. The 25K bias control can be adjusted to set the idle  bias level on the power tubes. Bias levels for both 6V6 and 6L6 tubes  can be generated.<br />
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The guitar input stage (VT1b) is a standard class A triode amplifier.  The 1K cathode resistor was chosen to bias this most important amplifier  stage into the "sweet spot". The tone controls use the Baxandall tone  stack configuration. This circuit has a much more distinct boost and cut  operation when compared to many of the traditional Fender circuits. A  guitar player friend had the amusing suggestion that the "Bass" and  "Treble" labels should be changed to "Balls" and "Grit". The post-tone  amplifier stage VT1a is another class A triode amplifier. Again, the 1K  bias resistor was chosen for the best sound.<br />
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The reverb send amp VT2 gets its input from the tone control recovery  amplifier VT1a. The 500K linear pot is used to adjust the reverb send  level from half way to full. An audo taper pot was tried here, the  linear pot had a better response. Both halves of VT2 are run in  parallel, the 560 ohm bias resistor was chosen for the best tube drive  level. VT2 runs slightly warm, with a bit of blue glow showing. A  standard Fender "Twin Reverb" reverb transformer can be used to drive  the reverb, I used a slightly heavier Buddy MC500 transformer.<br />
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The reverb return signal goes to two class A triode stages formed by  VT3b and VT3a. The reverb return level is set with the 100K audio pot  and mixed into the phase splitter stage (VT4) through a 5nF capacitor.  The clean (non-reverb) signal is amplified by VT7, a 6AV6 triode wired  as a floating cathode-biased stage. The 6AV6 isolates the reverb send  and receive signals to prevent feedback, it also forms the heart of the  vibrato/tremolo circuit in the Hammonator model 2RVT design.<br />
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The balanced phase splitter circuit is formed by VT4a and VT4b. This  stage combined with the power tube stage is fairly close to the Fender  Vibroverb circuit. The two opposite-phase drive signals are sent to the  control grids of the 6V6 power output tubes. An RF power amp trick is  used here to reduce potential radio frequency oscillation issues, 10nF  capacitors bypass the screen grids to ground. These caps should not be  confused with the unpopular tone-deadening control grid caps that were  added to Post-CBS Fender Twin Reverb amps.<br />
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A triple feedback loop is used between the output transformer and the  input of the phase splitter. The low and high cut loops reduce the  sub-sonic and ultra-sonic gain, eliminating any tendencies to oscillate  and generate radio frequencies. While experimenting with the circuit,  some nearly dead power tubes were used, the tubes tended to oscillate  when biased to a useful setting. These additions reduced that problem  and improved the sound, RF superimposed on audio does not sound good.<br />
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A fairly heavy modem isolation transformer from a 300 baud vintage of  modem was wired in series to make the low-cut inductor. When the amp is  driving a speaker, there can be large resonances in the low bass part of  the spectrum. A 12" speaker in an open-backed cabinet had a natural  resonance around 70 Hz. Audio at the speaker resonance frequency is  amplified to about twice the level as other frequencies, resulting in an  exaggerated bass response and distortion. The low-cut feedback circuit  offsets this resonance effect.<br />
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An earlier version (obsolete) of this amp used a different  anti-resonance feedback (ARF) loop that consisted of a 300 ohm resistor,  a series-wired modem transformer and a 1.32uF stack of capacitors that  was tuned to cancel the speaker resonance. When feeding a purely  resistive load, the amplifier has a fairly flat frequency response. The  low-cut/high-cut feedback loop eliminates the need to tune the amp for  individual speakers.<br />
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The 6HU6 eye tube circuit gets its control signal from the output  transformer. The signal is rectified, low-passed and sent to the tube's  control grid. The 10M bias resistor opens the tube's display farther  during quiet operation. The 5K trimmer should be adjusted so that the  eye tube display closes completely when the amp is played to maximum  power.<br />
Biasing the Power Tubes<br />
<br />
If you want more than 18 Watts of power, it is possible to replace the  6V6 tubes with 6L6 tubes, simply re-adjust the bias control. The bias is  set by putting a DC volt meter between the Imon1 terminal and ground.  The Imon2 terminal can be checked to see if the power tubes are well  matched. Both Imon1 and Imon2 should have similar voltages. The 6V6  tubes work well with a bias of around 0.17V (17 mA) and 6L6 tubes work  well at around 0.35V (35mA). Tube bias setting is a trade-off between  loudness and tube life. Generally, the bias should be set so that the  tubes don't become too warm when there is no signal going through them.<br />
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<b>Construction:</b><br />
Here is a photo of the wiring side of the Hammonator 2RVT amp, it is  essentially the Hammonator 1 circuit with a few additions.The stock  Hammond amp chassis that this project was built on was dirty, rusty and  filled with mostly useless parts. A wire brush was used to scrape off  the rust and dirt. Leave the original filament wiring from the power  transformer to the 6V6 tubes intact. You will need to move one of the  filament wires on some of the 6SN7 tube sockets (formerly other tube  types). The power transformer's high voltage leads can be left connected  to the 5U4 socket, the 1N4007 rectifier diodes can be wired to the pins  of the 5U4 socket. The output transformer's primary wiring should be  left as-is.<br />
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The ground wires that connect all of the tube sockets should be left  intact. Just about everything else can be clipped off, leave all of the  transformer wires as long as possible. There were two plug-boards in the  center of the amp. All of the wires between the plug-boards and the  tube sockets were clipped at the tube sockets and the boards were  removed. The wires to the screw terminals were also clipped off. Some of  the plug-board capacitors were scavanged for use elsewhere.<br />
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A new 3-wire power cord power switch were installed in the small metal  wiring box that is located behind the power transformer. Two of the  downward-facing holes in the wiring box were expanded to fit the power  cord's strain relief and the switch. A plastic "pigtail" type of fuse  holder was also installed in the box. The power cable's green ground  wire was connected to the chassis with a solder lug.<br />
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The two tall electrolytic capacitors were removed from the chassis. The  silver capacitor's hole was filed out and drilled to fit the 6HU6 eye  tube socket. A sheet metal filler was installed in the black capacitor's  hole (the photo above was taken before this was done). The volume pedal  tower was disassembled and the empty space was used as a "doghouse" for  most of the electrolytic capacitors. The caps were secured to the  tower's bakelite spacers with panduit ties. The tower allows the amp to  sit upside down without resting on the tubes, this is very useful when  working on the amp. </div>
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How To Build Hammonator Organ to Guitar Amp Conversion Circuit Diagram

In the world of electronics, vacuum tubes are almost obsolete. Nearly the last holdout, the cathode ray tube (CRT), is rapidly being repl...

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