Supreem Circuits Diagram and Projects: Converter

Simple Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

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This is the simple frequency voltage converter circuit diagram. Teledyne Semiconductor`s Type TSC9402 is a versatile IC. Not only can it convert voltage into frequency, but also frequency into voltage. It is thus eminently suitable for use in an add-on unit for measuring frequencies with a multimeter. </div>
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Only a few additional components are required for this.. Just one calibration point sets the center of the measuring range (or of that part of the range that is used most frequently). The frequency-proportional direct voltage at the output (pin 12â€”amp out) contains interference pulses at levels up to 0.7 V. If these have an adverse effect on the multimeter, they can be suppressed with the aid of a simple RC network. </div>
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The output voltage, U0, is calculated by: tfo=C/rei(Ci + 12 pF) R2fm Because the internal capacitance often has a greater value than the 12 pF taken here, the formula does not yield an absolute value. The circuit has a frequency range of dc to 10 kHz. At 10 kHz, the formula gives a value of 3.4 V. The circuit draws a current of not more than 1 mA.</div>
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<b>Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="http://risecircuits.blogspot.com/2013/08/simple-frequency-voltage-converter.html" target="_blank">Simple Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram</a></div>
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Simple Frequency Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

This is the simple frequency voltage converter circuit diagram. Teledyne Semiconductor`s Type TSC9402 is a versatile IC. Not only can it c...

Build a Period-To-Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 04:19

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The input signal drives ICD. Because ICD`s positive input (V+) is slightly offset to + 0.1 V, its steady stateoutput will be around +13 V. This voltage is sent to ICC through D2, setting ICC`s output to +13 V. Therefore, point D is cut off by Dl, and CI is charged by the current source. Assuming the initial voltage on CI is zero, the maximum voltage (^Cinax) is given by: </div>
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When the input goes from low to high, a narrow positive pulse is generated at point A. This pulse becomes -13 V at point B, which cuts off D2. ICC`s V+ voltage becomes zero. The charge on CI will be absorbed by ICC on in a short time. </div>
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The time constant of C2 and R5 determines the discharge periodâ€” about 10 /is. ICB is a buffer whose gain is equal to (R& + R9)~Rg = lM5. ICD`s average voltage will be (1362f 1.545) + 2 = 1052/. RIO and C3 smooth the sawtooth waveform to a dc output.</div>
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<b>Period-To-Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.circuitsproject.com/" target="_blank">Build a Period-To-Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram</a></div>
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Build a Period-To-Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

The input signal drives ICD. Because ICD`s positive input (V+) is slightly offset to + 0.1 V, its steady stateoutput will be around +13 V....

Power-Saving Intermittent Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 22:03

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This Power-Saving Intermittent Converter Circuit Diagram switches its dc/dc converter, IC1, off whenever the large filter capacitor, C6, has sufficient charge to power the load. This particular circuit uses a dc/dc converter that produces 115 Vdc from, a 9-Vdc input; you can tailor the circuit to suit other converters. The heart of the circuit is a 555 timer configured as a dual-limit comparator. Thus, the 555 turns the converter on or off, depending on the voltage across C6. </div>
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The 555`s complementary output lights the charge LED when the FET is on. Initially, the voltage on C6 is zero, and the 555`s output turns on the FET, Ql, in turn, enabling the converter to run, which charges C6. When the voltage on the capacitor reaches the value set by R3, the 555 turns the converter off. Then, C6 slowly discharges into the combined load of the voltage divider (R2, R3, and R4) and the reverse-biased blocking diode, Dl. When the voltage falls below 1/3 Vcc, the 555 restarts the dc/dc converter. </div>
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If this circuit powers a load that periodically goes into a zero-power, shutdown mode, the 555 switches the dc/dc converter on full time whenever the load kicks in. When the supply voltage falls below 7.5 V, the output of the converter is no longer high enough to charge, the LED doesn`t light. The circuit uses 205 mA when the converter is on and 10 mA when the converter is off. The duty cycle comprises a 5-s on period, a 150-s off period, and it represents a 92% power reduction. You can further reduce power consumption by removing the charge LED and using a CMOS 555 and a CMOS 78L05 regulator.<br />
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<b>Power-Saving Intermittent Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Power-Saving Intermittent Converter Circuit Diagram

This Power-Saving Intermittent Converter Circuit Diagram switches its dc/dc converter, IC1, off whenever the large filter capacitor, C6, h...

Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 22:00

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This is Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram. In these applications, a pulse input at % is differentiated by a C-R network and the negative-going edge at pin 6 causes the input comparator to trigger the timer circuit. Just as with a V-to-F converter, the average current flowing out of pin 1 is IaverAGE = i (1.1 RjC^ f. </div>
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In this simple circuit, this current is filtered in the network RL = 100 k ohm and 1 ÂµF. The ripple will be less than 10 mV peak, but the response will be slow, with a 0.1 second time constant, and settling of 0.7 second to 0.1%.</div>
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<b>Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<b>Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram

This is Simple Frequency to Vvoltage Converter Circuit Diagram. In these applications, a pulse input at % is differentiated by a C-R netwo...

Voltage to Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 04:17

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<b>Voltage to frequency converter circuit diagram</b> has a 1 Hz-to-30 MHz output, 150-dB dynamic range, for a 0 to 5 V input. It maintains 0.08% linearity over its entire 71/3 decade range with a full-scale drift of about 20 ppm/Â°C. </div>
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To get the additional bandwidth, the fast )FET buffer drives the Schottky TTL Schmitt trigger. The Schottky diode prevents the Schmitt trigger from ever seeing negative voltage at its input. The Schmitt`s input voltage hysteresis provides the limits which the oscillator runs between.</div>
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<b>Voltage to Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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<b>Voltage to Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Voltage to Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram

Voltage to frequency converter circuit diagram has a 1 Hz-to-30 MHz output, 150-dB dynamic range, for a 0 to 5 V input. It maintains 0.08...

Build a 2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram

Converter 04:15

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Using the bilateral properties of a balanced mixer this transvertcr will produce 6-m output with 2-m inputs. Y1 is a 90-MHz crystal. Note that the input on 2 m is 143 to 144 MHz for 53 to 54-MHz output. This avoids possibility of extraneous 2-m reception during receive periods. If your radio will not transmit below 144 MHz, then use a 93- or 94-MHz crystal frequency. </div>
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<b>2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram</b><br />
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<b>Build a 2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Build a 2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram

Using the bilateral properties of a balanced mixer this transvertcr will produce 6-m output with 2-m inputs. Y1 is a 90-MHz crystal. Note ...

Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 04:11

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Teledyne Semiconductor`s Type TSC9402 is a versatile IC. Not only can it convert voltage into frequency, but also frequency into voltage. It is thus eminently suitable for use in an add-on unit for measuring frequencies with a multimeter. Only a few additional components are required for this.. Just one calibration point sets the center of the measuring range (or of that part of the range that is used most frequently). </div>
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The frequency-proportional direct voltage at the output (pin 12â€”amp out) contains interference pulses at levels up to 0.7 V. If these have an adverse effect on the multimeter, they can be suppressed with the aid of a simple RC network. </div>
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The output voltage, U0, is calculated by: tfo=C/rei(Ci + 12 pF) R2fm Because the internal capacitance often has a greater value than the 12 pF taken here, the formula does not yield an absolute value. The circuit has a frequency range of dc to 10 kHz. At 10 kHz, the formula gives a value of 3.4 V. The circuit draws a current of not more than 1 mA. </div>
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<b>Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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Voltage Converter Circuit Diagram

Teledyne Semiconductor`s Type TSC9402 is a versatile IC. Not only can it convert voltage into frequency, but also frequency into voltage. ...

5V 2A Dc Converter Using LT3980

Converter 07:37

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Using <b>LT3980</b> manufactured by Linear Technology can be designed a very simple 5 volts dc <b>converter </b>circuit.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: medium;">5V 2A Dc Converter Circuit Diagram</span></b><br />
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The <b>LT3980</b> has an adjustable frequency from 100kHz to 2.4MHz and  accepts input voltages up to 58V . The transient voltage of the LT3980  is around 80 volts . The maximum output current which can be delivered  by the LT3980 monolithic buck switching regulator is around 2 Amps .<br />
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Main  features of the LT3980 monolithic buck switching regulator are : wide  input range from 3.6V to 58V , overvoltage lockout protects circuits  through 80V transients , 2A Maximum Output Current , low ripple  (<15mVP-P) Burst Mode, aAdjustable switching frequency: 100kHz to  2.4MHz ,low shutdown current: IQ < 1μA, thermal protection,  Soft-Start Capability . Link</div>

5V 2A Dc Converter Using LT3980

Using LT3980 manufactured by Linear Technology can be designed a very simple 5 volts dc converter circuit. 5V 2A Dc Converter Circuit Di...

Using LTC3601 3.3V DC Power Converter

Converter 04:41

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This Dc power <b>converter</b> circuit is designed LTC3601 from Linear Technology and is capable to up to 1.5A output current at a 3.3V. The LTC3601 operating supply voltage range is from 4V to 15V making it suitable for a wide range of power supply applications. The operating frequency of the LTC3601 buck regulator is programmable from 800kHz to 4MHz with an external resistor enabling the use of small surface mount inductors.<br />
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<b>Using LTC3601 3.3V DC Power Converter  Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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The LTC3601 buck regulator can operate in two modes: Burst Mode  operation and forced continuous mode to allow the user to optimize  output voltage ripple, noise, and light load efficiency for a given  application.</div>
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Using LTC3601 3.3V DC Power Converter

This Dc power converter circuit is designed LTC3601 from Linear Technology and is capable to up to 1.5A output current at a 3.3V. The LTC...

Build a LT3582-12 DC 5V to 12V DC Converter

Converter 05:37

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Using <b>LT3582</b>-12 dual channel DC DC <b>converter</b> integrated circuit,  manufactured by Linear Technology, can be designed a very simple step up  dc converter. This 5 to 12V c converter electronic project provide both  positive and negative outputs required in many biasing applications  such as active matrix OLED (organic light-emitting diode)displays as  well as CCD (charge coupled device) applications.<br />
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The <b>LT3582</b> offer an I2C interface that can dynamically program output  voltages, power sequencing and output voltage ramps as the application  requires. The LT3582’s positive output voltage can be set between 3.2V  and 12.775 in 25mV steps, whereas the negative output can be set between  -1.2V and -13.95V in 50mV steps. The LT3582-12 is preconfigured with  ±12V output, requiring no future programming. </div>
</div>

Build a LT3582-12 DC 5V to 12V DC Converter

Using LT3582 -12 dual channel DC DC converter integrated circuit, manufactured by Linear Technology, can be designed a very simple step ...

Simple Pulse-train-to-sinusoid-converter

Converter 04:32

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The circuit letsyou convert a serial pulse stream or sinusoidal input to a sinusoidal output at 1/32 the frequency. By varying the frequency of Vrn, you can achieve an output range ofl07:1-from about 100 kH2 to less than 0.01 H2. The output resembles that of a 5-bit d/a converter operating on paralleLdigital data. Counter IC1 generates binary codes that repeatedly scan the range from 00000 to 11111. The output amplifier adds the corresponding XOR gate outputs, Vvv or ground, weighted by the values of input resistors R1 through R4.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUIFSfrjqJ9e7pLyeZ3lUDfVw_qx3HzxEFTeLO91zdpJkd2wHVnZIHi8ByZ6nB0Zx9ir-_OUsGqMTty-CfiVo2iYuqvB_IiVKqRDyYNuvsemQvh1W-0II-c7rATJv2bwcSqj0HZKNuV0E-/s1600/converter+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUIFSfrjqJ9e7pLyeZ3lUDfVw_qx3HzxEFTeLO91zdpJkd2wHVnZIHi8ByZ6nB0Zx9ir-_OUsGqMTty-CfiVo2iYuqvB_IiVKqRDyYNuvsemQvh1W-0II-c7rATJv2bwcSqj0HZKNuV0E-/s640/converter+1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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The 16 counter codes 00000 to 01111, for instance, pass unchanged to the XOR gate outputs, and cause Vom to step through the half-sinusoidal cycle for maximum amplitude to minimum amplitude. Counter output Q4 becomes high for the next 16 codes, causing the XOR gates to invert the QO through Q3 outputs. As a result, VouT steps through the remaining half cycle from minimum to maximum amplitude. The counter then rolls over and initiates the next cycle. You can change the R1 through R4 values to obtain other VouT waveforms. VDv should be at least 12 V to assure maximum-frequency operation from IC1 to IC2. </div>
</div>

Simple Pulse-train-to-sinusoid-converter

The circuit letsyou convert a serial pulse stream or sinusoidal input to a sinusoidal output at 1/32 the frequency. By varying the frequen...

Router UPS

Converter 05:43

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It  can be handy to have your phone and Internet router continue working  for a while after  a power failure for example, if they provide  access  to a security system. This requires a  backup power supply for the  router. The version described here consists of a 12-V lead-acid battery  and a voltage converter capable  of supplying an output voltage in the  range of  15 to 30 V. It has built-in protection to prevent  excessive  battery discharge.  This DIY uninterruptible power supply (UPS)   operates in standby mode as long as the  mains voltage is present. </div>
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<b>Circuit diagram :</b></div>
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<b><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-RtyrAXWX0Oc/T6wR9S0vFYI/AAAAAAAAFdY/5QuD4oSbj4E/s1600-h/Router%252520UPS-Circuit%252520Diagram%25255B7%25255D.png" target="_blank"><img alt="Router UPS-Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="279" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-ygQr88tgO9s/T6wSArHDo6I/AAAAAAAAFdg/5CETwinXGlk/Router%252520UPS-Circuit%252520Diagram_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Router UPS-Circuit Diagram" width="450" /></a> </b></div>
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<b>Router UPS Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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The UPS consists of four parts: a backup   detector circuit that monitors the supply  voltage from the AC mains  adapter, a battery  circuit that monitors the battery voltage to   prevent it from dropping below 11.8 V, a FET  switch between the battery  and the voltage  converter, and a voltage doubler (inside the  dashed  outline). To understand how it works, first consider  the situation with  a router supply voltage  above 20 V, for which the voltage doubler is   not required. In this case the outputs of com-parators IC1a and IC1b  (pins 1 and 7) are connected directly to the gate of the FET (G1 is   connected to G2). </div>
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Under normal conditions the router, which is   connected to K3, is powered from the voltage  on connector K1. In this  situation the voltage  on pin 2 of comparator IC1a is higher than 5.6   V. The output on pin 1 is therefore low, and  the FET is switched off.  If the external volt-age on K1 drops out, the voltage on pin 2 of  IC1  drops and the output on pin 1 goes high,  switching on the FET. In this  state the battery and the voltage converter supply power  to the router.  The battery will gradually discharge, and to prevent the battery  voltage  from dropping below 11.8 V the output of  the second comparator  (on pin 7) goes low  when the voltage reaches this threshold level,   switching off the FET. The battery voltage  may rise quickly after the  FET is switched off, so capacitor C3 is included to ensure that this   does not cause the FET be switched on again. </div>
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Switch S1 allows the UPS to start up without  an external supply voltage on K1, and capacitor C4 enables the  comparators to continue operating in the event of a brief dropout of   the two supply voltages on K1 and K2. The emergency stop switch S2 and  fuse F1 are included for safety reasons. The voltage converter has a  high inrush current, so F1 must be generously dimensioned. </div>
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If the router supply voltage is below 19 V,  the  comparator output level in the high state is  too low to achieve a  gate–source voltage of  4.5 to 5 V, since the source voltage is always   the same as the battery voltage under continuous charging, which is 13.8  V. This means  that the gate voltage must be at least 18.3 to  18.8 V,  which is difﬁcult or impossible with a  router supply voltage under 19  V. This can be  remedied by including the voltage doubler,  which is  built around the well-known 555  timer IC (CMOS version). The frequency  of the  oscillator (IC2) is approximately 40 kHz. Components C6, D5 and  D6 add the AC voltage to  the switched supply voltage delivered by T2,   which is driven by the comparators in parallel  with the timer reset. An  18-V Zener diode (C7)  protects the FET gate–source junction against   overvoltage. </div>
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Be careful to select a 555 with a maximum   rated supply voltage sufﬁcient for this application; they are available  in 16-V and 18-V  versions. The voltage converter of this UPS is a  note-book power converter designed for in-car  use, with an input  voltage of 12 V, selectable output voltage, and a minimum current   capacity of 0.5 A. Most voltage converters can  handle this easily. The  battery must be connected to a good charger capable of maintaining a  lead-acid battery in good condition  under prolonged no-load operation.  Various  designs for this have been described in Elektor in the past. </div>
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Adjust P1 for a voltage of approximately 7 V.  With a lab power supply connected in place of the battery, adjust P2  for a threshold volt-age of 11.8 V.</div>
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Router UPS

It can be handy to have your phone and Internet router continue working for a while after a power failure for example, if they p...

Valve Sound Converter

Converter 03:39

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‘Valve  sound’ is not just an anachronism: there are those who remain ardent  lovers of the quality of sound produced by a valve amplifier. However,  not everyone is inclined to splash out on an expensive valve output  stage or complete amplifier with a comparatively low power output. Also,  for all their aesthetic qualities, modern valve amplifiers burn up (in  the full sense of the word!) quite a few watts even at normal listening  volume, and so are not exactly environmentally harmless. This valve  sound converter offers a cunning way out of this dilemma. It is a low  cost unit that can be easily slipped into the audio chain at a suitable  point and it only consumes a modest amount of energy.<br />
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<a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-PzLuDgyv78M/T6bFIZa6CtI/AAAAAAAAFYI/ZPsNqFc2UdI/s1600-h/Valve%252520Sound%252520Converter-Circuit%252520diagram%25255B7%25255D.png" target="_blank"><img alt="Valve Sound Converter-Circuit diagram" border="0" height="307" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-cs3d7-Mt1jQ/T6bFJp-xmcI/AAAAAAAAFYQ/FV4Ui-vCBGA/Valve%252520Sound%252520Converter-Circuit%252520diagram_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Valve Sound Converter-Circuit diagram" width="450" /></a> </div>
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A  valve sound converter can be constructed using a common-or-garden  small-signal amplifier using a readily-available triode. Compared to  using a pentode, this simplifies the circuit and, thanks to its less  linear characteristic, offers even more valve sound. For stereo use a  double triode is ideal. Because only a low gain is required, a type  ECC82 (12AU7) is a better choice than alternatives such as the ECC81  (12AT7) or ECC83 (12AX7). This also makes things easier for home brewers  only used to working with semiconductors, since we can avoid any  difficulties with high voltages, obscure transformers and the like:the  amplifier stage uses an anode voltage of only 60 V, which is generated  using a small 24 V transformer and a voltage doubler (D3, D4, C4 and  C5).<br />
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Since the double triode only draws about  2mA at this voltage, a 1 VA or 2 VA transformer will do the job. To  avoid ripple on the power supply and hence the generation of hum in the  converter, the anode voltage is regulated using Zener diodes D1 and D2,  and T1. The same goes for the heater supply: rather than using AC, here  we use a DC supply, regulated by IC1. The 9 V transformer needs to be  rated at at least 3 VA. As you will see, the actual amplifier circuit is  shown only once. Components C1 to C3, R1 to R4, and P1 need to be  duplicated for the second channel.<br />
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-mcTweXNv3j0/T6bFK3eLT1I/AAAAAAAAFYY/DVC9K9t7OTY/s1600-h/Valve%252520Sound%252520Converter-w%25255B7%25255D.png" target="_blank"><img alt="Valve Sound Converter-w" border="0" height="169" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-zppyeBDYt-E/T6bFMfLb5QI/AAAAAAAAFYg/tixbSCBKmbM/Valve%252520Sound%252520Converter-w_thumb%25255B5%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Valve Sound Converter-w" width="450" /></a> </div>
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The  inset valve symbol in the circuit diagram and the base pinout diagram  show how the anode, cathode and grid of the other half of the double  triode (V1.B) are connected. Construction should not present any great  difficulties. Pay particular attention to screening and cable routing,  and to the placing of the transformers to minimise the hum induced by  their magnetic fields. Adjust P1 to set the overall gain to 1 (0 dB).  The output impedance of 47 kΩ is relatively high, but should be  compatible with the inputs of most power amplifiers and preamplifiers.</div>
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For a good valve sound, the operating point of the circuit should be set  so that the audio output voltage is in the region of a few hundred  millivolts up to around 1.5 V. If the valve sound converter is inserted  between a preamplifier and the power amplifier, it should be before the  volume control potentiometer as otherwise the sound will change  significantly depending on the volume. As an example, no modifications  are needed to an existing power amplifier if the converter is inserted  between the output of a CD player and the input to the amplifier.</div>
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Valve Sound Converter

‘Valve sound’ is not just an anachronism: there are those who remain ardent lovers of the quality of sound produced by a valve am...

USB Converter

Converter 06:15

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Does this sound familiar: you buy a small piece of  equipment, such as a programming & debugging interface for a  microcontroller, and you have to use a clunky AC wall adapter to supply  it with power? It’s even worse when you’re travelling and there’s no  mains socket anywhere in sight. Of course, you can use the USB bus  directly as a power source if the supply voltage is 5 V. If you need a  higher voltage, you can use the USB converter described here. This small  switch-mode step-up converter can generate an output voltage of up to  15 V with a maximum output current of 150 mA.<br />
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-XD9KSk8k_C0/Thnz2_9i-cI/AAAAAAAAC6k/bZCwWs2cVdA/s1600-h/USB%252520Converter%25255B9%25255D.jpg"><img alt="USB Converter" border="0" height="134" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_tULMD9C-Yg/Thn0XbOXE2I/AAAAAAAAC6o/gSuzUpof1Iw/USB%252520Converter_thumb%25255B5%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="USB Converter" width="209" /></a></span> </div>
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The LM3578 is a general-purpose switchmode voltage converter. Figure 1  shows its internal block diagram. Here we use it as a step-up converter.  The circuit diagram in Figure 2 shows the necessary components. Voltage  conversion is achieved by switching on the internal transistor until it  is switched off by the comparator or the current-limiting circuit. The  collector current flows through coil L1, which stores energy in the form  of a magnetic field. When the internal transistor is switched off, the  current continues flowing through L1 to the load via diode D1. However,  the voltage across the coil reverses when this happens, so it is added  to the input voltage. The resulting output voltage thus consists of the  sum of the input voltage and the induced voltage across the coil.</div>
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<img alt="USB Converter Circuit" border="0" height="240" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-5_40hH4w3_Q/Thn0kpJdcpI/AAAAAAAAC6s/FvWQhEqMma4/USB%252520Converter%252520Circuit_thumb%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="USB Converter Circuit" width="239" /></div>
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The output voltage depends on the load current and the duty cycle of  the internal transistor. Voltage divider R5/R6 feeds back a portion of  the output voltage to the comparator in the IC in order to regulate the  output voltage. C5 determines the clock frequency, which is  approximately 55 kHz. Network R4, C2 and C3 provides loop compensation.  The current-sense resistor for the current-limiting circuit is formed by  three 1-Ω resistors in parallel (R1, R2 and R3), since SMD resistors  with values less than 1 Ω are hard to find. The output voltage ripple is  determined by the values and internal resistances of capacitors C11,  C8, C7 and C6.</div>
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  <img alt="USB Converter Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="208" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-iz26UUtK5Ls/Thn02Nv9JqI/AAAAAAAAC6w/ZqU66-jYSj4/USB%252520Converter%252520Circuit%252520Diagram_thumb%25255B4%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="USB Converter Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></div>
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The total effective resistance is reduced by  using several capacitors, and this also keeps the construction height of  the board low. L2, C1, C9 and C10 act as an input filter. Ensure that  the DC resistance of coil L2 is no more than 0.5 Ω. Use a Type B  PCB-mount USB connector for connection to the USB bus.  A terminal strip  with a pitch of 5.08 mm can be used for the output voltage connector.  Of course, you can also solder a cable directly to the board. Two  additional holes are provided in the circuit board for this purpose. As  we haven’t been able to invent a device that produces more energy than  it consumes, you should bear in mind that the input current of the  circuit is higher than the output current. As a general rule, you can  assume that the input current is equal to the product of the output  current and the output voltage divided by the input R5 and R6 for other  output voltages:</div>
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<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 201px;"><tbody>
<tr>         <td valign="top" width="44">6V:</td>          <td valign="top" width="152">R5 = 47k, R6 = 9,1k</td>       </tr>
<tr>         <td valign="top" width="44">12V:</td>          <td valign="top" width="152">R5 = 110k, R6 = 10k</td>       </tr>
<tr>         <td valign="top" width="44">15V:</td>          <td valign="top" width="152">R5 = 130k, R6 = 9,1k</td>       </tr>
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voltage and divided again by  0.8. Specifically, with an output current of 100 mA at 9 V, the input  current on the USB bus is approximately 225 mA. Finally, Figure 3 shows a  small PCB layout for the circuit. All of the components except the  connector and the terminal strip are SMDs.</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-FfMKWlwub-E/Thn1bBRxB7I/AAAAAAAAC60/_kv6GLgIKrY/s1600-h/USB%252520Converter%252520pcb%25255B4%25255D.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="USB Converter pcb" border="0" height="119" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-SO7VV_Ni-64/Thn1uugZGvI/AAAAAAAAC64/lJNYUygs8pw/USB%252520Converter%252520pcb_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="USB Converter pcb" width="244" /></a></span> </div>
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<b>Parts List:</b></div>
(for UO = 9 V)<br />
<b>Resistors</b><br />
R1,R2,R3 = 1Ω   <br />
R4 = 220kΩ    <br />
R5 = 82kΩ    <br />
R6 = 10kΩ<br />
<b>Capacitors</b><br />
(SMD 1206)   <br />
C1 = 100nF    <br />
C2 = 2nF2    <br />
C3 = 22pF    <br />
C4 = 100nF    <br />
C5 = 1nF5<br />
(tantalum SMD 7343)<br />
C6 = 68μF 20V   <br />
C7 = 68μF 20V    <br />
C8 = 68μF 20V    <br />
C9 = 47μF 16V    <br />
C10 = 47μF 16V    <br />
C11 = 68μF 20V<br />
<b>Inductors</b><br />
L1 = 820μH (SMD CD105)   <br />
L2 = 47μH (SMD 2220)<br />
<b>Semiconductors</b><br />
D1 = SK34SMD (Schottky)   <br />
IC1 = LM3578AM (SMD SO8)<br />
<b>Miscellaneous</b><br />
K1 = 2-way PCB terminal block, lead pitch 5mm <br />
(optional)<br />
K2 = USB-B connector<br />
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<b>Sourced by: www.circuitsstream.blogspot.com</b></div>
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USB Converter

Does this sound familiar: you buy a small piece of equipment, such as a programming & debugging interface for a microcontroller, and...

4-Bit Analogue to Digital Converter

Converter 05:36

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The  operation of the converter is based on the weighted adding and  transferring of the analogue input levels and the digital output levels.  It consists of comparators and resistors. In theory, the number of bits  is unlimited, but each bit needs a comparator and several coupling  resistors. The diagram shows a 4-bit version. The value of the resistors  must meet the following criteria:</div>
<ul>
<li>R1:R2 = 1:2; </li>
<li>R3:R4:R5 = 1:2:4; </li>
<li>R6:R7:R8:R9 = 1:2:4:8.</li>
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The linearity of the converter depends on the  degree of precision of the value of the resistors with respect to the  resolution of the converter, and on the accuracy of the threshold  voltage of the comparators. This threshold level must be equal, or  nearly so, to half the supply voltage. Moreover, the comparators must  have as low an output resistance as possible and as high an input  resistance with respect to the load resistors as feasible. Any deviation  from these requirements affects the linearity of the converter  adversely.<br />
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<b>Circuit diagram:</b><br />
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<b>4-Bit Analogue to Digital Converter Circuit Diagram</b></div>
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If the value of the  resistors is not too low, the use of inverters with an FET  (field-effect transistor) input leads to a near-ideal situation. In the  present converter, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)  inverters are used, which, in spite of their low gain, give a reasonably  good performance. If standard comparators are used, take into account  the output voltage range and make sure that the potential at their  non-inverting inputs is set to half the supply voltage. If high accuracy  is a must, comparators Type TLC3074 or similar should be used. This  type has a totem-pole output. The non-inverting inputs should be  interlinked and connected to the tap of a a divider consisting of two 10  kΩ resistors across the supply lines. It is essential that the  converter is driven by a low-resistance source. If necessary, this can  be arranged via a suitable op amp input buffer. The converter draws a  current not exceeding 5 mA. </div>
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4-Bit Analogue to Digital Converter

The operation of the converter is based on the weighted adding and transferring of the analogue input levels and the digital output leve...

Step-Up Converter For 20 LEDs

Converter 02:32

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The  circuit described here is a step-up converter to drive 20 LEDs,  designed to be used as a home-made ceiling night light for a child’s  bedroom. This kind of night light generally consists of a chain of  Christmas tree lights with 20 bulbs each consuming 1 W, for a total  power of 20 W. Here, in the interests of saving power and extending  operating life, we update the idea with this simple circuit using LEDs. </div>
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Power can be obtained from an unregulated 12 V  mains adaptor, as long as it can deliver at least about 330 mA.  The  circuit uses a low-cost current-mode controller type UCC3800N,  reconfigured into voltage mode to create a step-up converter with simple  compensation. By changing the external components the circuit can  easily be modified for other applications. To use a current-mode  controller as a voltage-mode controller it is necessary to couple a  sawtooth ramp (rising from 0 V to 0.9 V) to the CS (current sense) pin,  since this pin is also an input to the internal PWM comparator.</div>
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<b>Circuit diagram :</b></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-Q_-ae-6G6do/T0PmeWKctkI/AAAAAAAAEu0/D5s8Hs9CJaU/s1600-h/Step-up%252520Converter%252520For%25252020%252520LEDs%252520-Circuit-Diagram%25255B4%25255D.png" target="_blank"><img alt="Step-up Converter For 20 LEDs -Circuit-Diagram" border="0" height="384" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-g8xxEtWVbqY/T0PmfzihsOI/AAAAAAAAEu8/rvKSPPta9p0/Step-up%252520Converter%252520For%25252020%252520LEDs%252520-Circuit-Diagram_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Step-up Converter For 20 LEDs -Circuit-Diagram" width="500" /></a></span> </div>
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Step-up Converter For 20 LEDs Circuit Diagram</h5>
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The required ramp is present on the RC pin of the  IC and is reduced to the correct voltage range by the voltage divider  formed by R3 and R2. The RC network formed by R4 and C6 is dimensioned  to set the switching frequency at approximately 525 kHz. The comparator  compares the ramp with the divided-down version of the output voltage  produced by the potential divider formed by R6 and R7. Trimmer P1 allows  the output voltage to be adjusted. This enables the current through the  LEDs to be set to a suitable value for the devices used. The UCC3800N  starts up with an input voltage of 7.2 V and switches off again if the  input voltage falls below 6.9 V. The circuit is designed so that output  voltages of between 20 V and 60 V can be set using P1.</div>
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This should be adequate for most cases, since  the minimum and maximum specified forward voltages for white LEDs are  generally between 3 V and 4.5 V. For the two parallel chains of ten LEDs  in series shown here a voltage of between 30 V and 45 V will be  required. The power components D1, T1 and L1 are considerably over  specified here, since the circuit was originally designed for a  different application that required higher power. To adjust the circuit,  the potentiometer should first be set to maximum resistance and a  multimeter set to a 200 mA DC current range should be inserted in series  with the output to the LEDs. Power can now be applied and P1 gradually  turned until a constant current of 40mA flows. The step-up converter is  now adjusted correctly and ready for use.</div>
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Step-Up Converter For 20 LEDs

The circuit described here is a step-up converter to drive 20 LEDs, designed to be used as a home-made ceiling night light for a ch...

12-V Glow Plug Converter

Converter 02:30

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Most  small internal-combustion engines commonly used in the  model-building  world use glow plugs for starting. Unfortunately, glow  plugs have an  operating voltage of 1.5 V, while fuel pumps, starter  motors, chargers  and the like generally run on 12 V. This means that a  separate battery  is always needed to power the glow plug. The standard  solution is to  use an additional 2-V lead storage battery, with a power  diode in  series to reduce the voltage by approximately 0.5 V. However,  this has  the annoying consequence that more than 30 percent of the  energy is  dissipated in the diode. Naturally, this is far from being  efficient. </div>
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<b>Circuit diagram :</b><br />
<span style="color: black;"><img alt="12-V Glow Plug Converter-Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="411" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-fDTEHHxV1Bw/UCAOm-QqLrI/AAAAAAAAHhw/MnJC2cu1w4U/12-V%252520Glow%252520Plug%252520Converter-Circuit%252520Diagram%25255B6%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="12-V Glow Plug Converter-Circuit Diagram" width="513" /></span> <br />
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<b><span style="color: black;">12-V Glow Plug Converter Circuit Diagram</span></b></div>
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The   converter presented here allows glow plugs to be powered from the 12-V   storage battery that is usually used for fuelling, charging, starting   and so on. A car battery can also be used as a power source.   Furthermore, this circuit is con-siderably more efficient than the   approach of using a 2-V battery with a series power diode. </div>
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The  heart of the DC/DC  converter is IC1, a MAX 1627. The converter works  according to the  well-known step-down principle, using a coil and an  electrolytic  capacitor. Here the switching stage is not integrated into  the IC, so  we are free to select a FET according to the desired current  level. In  this case, we have selected a 2SJ349 (T1), but any other type  of  logic-level FET with a low value of RDSonwould also be satisfactory.  Of  course, the FET must be able to handle the required high currents. </div>
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Diode  D1 is a fast Schottky  diode, which must be rated to handle the charging  currents for C2 and  C3. This diode must also be a fairly hefty type.  The internal  resistances of coil L1 and capacitors C2 and C3 must be as  low as  possible. This ensures efficient conversion and prevents the  components  from becoming too warm. </div>
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The  resistor network R2/R3  causes 87 percent of the output voltage to be  applied to the FB pin of  IC1. This means that an output voltage of 1.5 V  will cause a voltage of  approximately 1.3 V to be present at the FB  pin. The IC always tries to  drive the switching stage such that it  ‘sees’ a voltage of 1.3 V on the  FB input. If desired, a different  output voltage can be provided by  modifying the values of R2 and R3. </div>
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When assembling the circuit,   ensure that C5 and C1 are placed as close as possible to IC1, and use   sufficiently heavy wiring between the 12-V input and the 1-5-V output,   since large cur-rents flow in this part of the circuit. A glow plug can   easily draw around 5 A, and the charging current flowing through the   coil and into C2 and C3 is a lot higher than this!<br />
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Source by : <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://streampowers.blogspot.com/2012/08/12-v-glow-plug-converter.html" target="_blank">streampowers </a></span></div>
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12-V Glow Plug Converter

Most small internal-combustion engines commonly used in the model-building world use glow plugs for starting. Unfortunately, glow ...

Buck Converter (1 Watt White LED Driver)

Converter 00:08

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<pre>This is an example of efficiently driving a 1 watt white LED from a 12 volt
 battery using a buck converter. The LED could simply be connected with a
 series resistor to get the desired current, but the efficiency would be
 only 25% since the resistor would drop 9 volts while the LED only requires
 3. The buck converter provides about 90% efficiency.

The idea is to establish a circulating current through the inductor, diode
 and load, while the switch replenishes the lost load energy on each cycle.
 The duty cycle of the switch will be the output voltage divided by the input
 voltage, or about 3/12  (25%) in this case. It's actually a little greater
 since there is a small (2.2 ohm) resistor in series with the LED that drops
 about 0.5 volt, so the total load is about 3.7 volts and the duty cycle is
 around 31%. The circuit could also be used to charge AA batteries from a
 12 volt source with adjustment to the duty cycle.

The driver section uses a CMOS hex inverter (CD4069) where two of the
 inverters form an oscillator with 31% duty cycle at about 11.5 Khz,
 or 66us off time, and 21uS on time for the MOSFET switch. The remaining 4
 inverters are used in parallel to provide additional drive current to
 the gate of the MOSFET. The duty cycle can be adjusted with either the
 15K or 20K resistors.

The minimum inductor value was worked out from E = L * di/dt and a LED
 current of 250mA. The minimum value is where the current falls to 0 during
 the switch off time, or 66uS. The peak inductor current would then be twice
 the average or 500mA and the inductor will charge from 0 to 500mA in 21uS.
 So, di/dt is 0.5 /.000021 = 23810 amps per second. The inductor voltage
 (E) will be 12 minus the load voltage 3.7 or 8.3 volts and the minimum
 inductor value L will be 8.3 / 23810 = 0.35 mH. The actual value used should
 be somewhat higher to avoid the current falling to zero and to avoid large
 peak currents and possible saturation. The example here uses a approximate
 2 mH inductor so the change in current is about 100mA and the peak current
 is lower at about 300mA. The current waveform is shown in the LTspice
 picture below. Notice the current ramps from about 50mA below the average
 current to about 50mA above the average or about 100mA total change. The
 15 ohm resistor in the LTspice picture represents the LED plus a 2.2 ohm
 resistor. The MOSFET is represented by the SW (switch) component, and the
 drive circuit by the V3 symbol.</pre>
<pre> </pre>
<pre> <img height="300" src="http://www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info/current.jpg" width="400" /></pre>
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The inductor (pictured below) should be rated for saturation current of more  than the peak current, or maybe 300mA in this case. The toroid inductor  used is fairly large for the task measuring about 1.5 inches diameter with  20 turns of #18 wire. The core is conductive so it probably should be taped  in case the wire insulation fails. The picture shows the naked core for  illustration. A smaller core with an air gap could be used to avoid  saturation, but would require more wire which would add to the losses due  to the wire resistance. Another approach is to use a higher frequency so  smaller inductors can be used. But this will add to losses since there would  be more switching transitions per unit of time, which adds to the loss.  The diode is a VSK330 schottky 3 amp variety for low loss, but most any  1 amp rectifier could be used with somewhat less efficiency. The IRFZ44  MOSFET is also an overkill rated at 50 amps max but very low on-resistance  of only 28 milliohms. A much smaller device could be used, but I don't have  the numbers.   Note the circuit has no regulation, so the 12 volt input should be stable.  If the battery voltage varies, the duty cycle and LED current should be set  using the highest expected supply voltage. </div>
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<img src="http://www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info/core.jpg" /> </div>
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<a href="http://www.bowdenshobbycircuits.info/buck.htm" target="_blank">link </a></div>
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Buck Converter (1 Watt White LED Driver)

This is an example of efficiently driving a 1 watt white LED from a 12 volt battery using a buck converter. The LED could simply be co...

Voltage-to-pulse Duration Converter Circuit Diagram

Converter 11:12

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This is a circuit of Voltage-to-Pulse Duration <b>Converter</b>. This circuit  is used to convert voltage into pulse duration by combining a timer IC  and an OP Amp. Accuracies to better than 1% can be obtained with this circuit (a), and  the output signals (b) still retain the original frequency, independent  of the input voltage. </div>
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<b>Voltage-to-pulse Duration Converter Circuit Diagram</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivcsIMowatLXxn0MhfC5akdq3Z65p4XOy7eF2bjD07rkffntA3zRcagdmeFeUuaKH-Flx2FB1wkZbr4p5drjGdra_Rz5PLpounJVbTPO_iJE0AlbS2WigLEHQASVQL1WFtxQr8yCRoMOPe/s1600/Voltage-to-pulse+Duration+Converter+Circuit+Diagram.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Voltage-to-pulse Duration Converter Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivcsIMowatLXxn0MhfC5akdq3Z65p4XOy7eF2bjD07rkffntA3zRcagdmeFeUuaKH-Flx2FB1wkZbr4p5drjGdra_Rz5PLpounJVbTPO_iJE0AlbS2WigLEHQASVQL1WFtxQr8yCRoMOPe/s400/Voltage-to-pulse+Duration+Converter+Circuit+Diagram.png" title="Voltage-to-pulse Duration Converter Circuit Diagram" width="390" /></a></div>
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Voltage-to-pulse Duration Converter Circuit Diagram

This is a circuit of Voltage-to-Pulse Duration Converter . This circuit is used to convert voltage into pulse duration by combining a tim...

Simple VGA to BNC Adapter (Converter) Circuit

Converter 00:29

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There are monitors which only have three BNC inputs  and which use composite synchronization (‘sync on green’). This circuit  has been designed with these types of monitor in mind. As can be seen,  the circuit has been kept very simple, but it still gives a reasonable  performance. The principle of operation is very straightforward. The RGB  signals from the VGA connector are fed to three BNC connectors via  AC-coupling capacitors. These have been added to stop any direct current  from entering the VGA card. A pull-up resistor on the green output  provides a DC offset, while a transistor (a BS170 MOSFET) can switch  this output to ground. It is possible to get synchronisation problems  when the display is extremely bright, with a maximum green component.</div>
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In  this case the value of R2 should be reduced a little, but this has the  side effect that the brightness noticeably decreases and the load on the  graphics card increases. To keep the colour balance the same, the  resistors for the other two colors (R1 en R3) have to be changed to the  same value as R2. An EXOR gate from IC1 (74HC86) combines the separate  V-sync and H-sync signals into a composite sync signal. Since the sync  in DOS-modes is often inverted compared to the modes commonly used by  Windows, the output of IC1a is inverted by IC1b. JP1 can then by used to  select the correct operating mode. This jumper can be replaced by a  small two-way switch, if required.</div>
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<img alt="VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" border="0" height="117" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-tmilZsmdces/TfDY8xfPgMI/AAAAAAAACh0/JaCIyq5iIF0/VGA-to-BNC%252520Adapter_165_thumb%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-right: 0px none; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" width="167" /> <img alt="VGA-to-BNC Adapter diagram_165" border="0" height="117" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kTmwL7nxq14/TfDZC6iY8KI/AAAAAAAACh8/WhaxGzDf7PU/VGA-to-BNC%252520Adapter%252520diagram_165_thumb%25255B3%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-right: 0px none; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="VGA-to-BNC Adapter diagram_165" width="167" /></div>
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   <img alt="parts VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" border="0" height="117" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-KpLF5RIdFoI/TfDZUebvnvI/AAAAAAAACiE/pzfP-Pox_6g/parts%252520VGA-to-BNC%252520Adapter_165_thumb%25255B2%25255D.png?imgmax=800" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-right: 0px none; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="parts VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" width="167" /><img alt="pcb VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" border="0" height="117" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ywTw4aKl4eM/TfDZbYLLQ0I/AAAAAAAACiM/W4DIBGcNYoc/pcb%252520VGA-to-BNC%252520Adapter_165_thumb%25255B2%25255D.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color; border-right: 0px none; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; display: inline;" title="pcb VGA-to-BNC Adapter_165" width="167" /></div>
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This  switch should be mounted directly onto the PCB, as any connecting wires  will cause a lot of interference. The PCB has been kept as compact as  possible, so the circuit can be mounted in a small metal (earthed!)  enclosure. With a monitor connected the current consumption will be in  the region of 30 mA. A 78L05 voltage regulator provides a stable 5 V,  making it possible to use any type of mains adapter, as long as it  supplies at least 9 V. Diode D2 provides protection against a reverse  polarity.</div>
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LED D1 indicates when the supply is  present. The circuit should be powered up before connecting it to an  active VGA output, as otherwise the sync signals will feed the circuit  via the internal protection diodes of IC1, which can be noticed by a  dimly lit LED. This is something best avoided.</div>
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Resistors:</b></span>    <br />
R1,R2,R3 = 470Ω    <br />
R4 = 100Ω    <br />
R5 = 3kΩ3    <br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Capacitors:</span></b>    <br />
C1,C3,C5 = 47µF 25V radial    <br />
C2,C4,C6,C7,C10 = 100nF ceramic    <br />
C8 = 4µF7 63V radial    <br />
C9 = 100µF 25V radial    <br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Semiconductors:</span></b>    <br />
D1 = LED, high-efficiency    <br />
D2 = 1N4002    <br />
T1 = BS170    <br />
IC1 = 74HC86    <br />
IC2 = 78L05    <br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Miscellaneous:</span></b>    <br />
JP1 = 3-way pinheader with jumper    <br />
K1 = 15-way VGA socket (female), PCB mount (angled pins)    <br />
K2,K3,K4 = BNC socket (female), PCB mount, 75Ω    .<br />
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Sourced by: <a href="http://www.streampowers.blogspot.com/">www.streampowers.blogspot.com</a></div>
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Simple VGA to BNC Adapter (Converter) Circuit

There are monitors which only have three BNC inputs and which use composite synchronization (‘sync on green’). This circuit has been...

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