Supreem Circuits Diagram and Projects: Solar

Simple Solar LED Lantern

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">This   solar <b>LED</b> lantern can be used as an emergency light. Its 6V battery  can  be charged either from 230V, 50Hz AC mains or a 12V, 10W solar  panel.  Two <b>LED</b> indicators have been provided—red <b>LED</b> (LED1) indicates  <b>battery  charging</b> and green <b>LED</b> (LED2) indicates fully-charged battery.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">You   can choose to charge the battery either from the mains power or the   solar panel by using the single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) switch.   Capacitor C1 (1000µF, 35V) removes ripples from the <b>power supply</b> and   regulator IC LM7809 (IC1) provides regulated 9V DC to the emitter of pnp   transistor T1 (TIP127/BD140) and pin 7 of op-amp IC CA3140 (IC2),  which  is configured in comparator mode.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img alt="Solar LED Lantern " border="" height="185" hspace="3" src="http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/my_documents/my_pictures/9C5_Solar-LED-Lantern-12.jpg" title="Solar LED Lantern " vspace="3" width="400" /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">The  reference voltage  of 6.3V at pin 2 of IC2 is obtained through the  combination of resistor  R7 (1-kilo-ohm) and zener diode ZD1 (6.3V). The  comparator controls  charging of the battery. Pin 3 of IC2 is connected  to the positive  terminal of the battery to be charged through resistor  R5. When the  battery is fully charged, it stops charging and the green  <b>LED</b> (LED2)  glows to indicate the full-charge status.<br /><br />When the  battery voltage is low, diode D1 (1N4007) forward-biases and  the </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>battery</b>  connects (through resistor R3) to the collector of T1 for  charging  (indicated by the glowing of red LED1). Three high-wattage  white LEDs  (LED3 through LED5), such as KLHP3433 from Kwality  Photonics, are used  for lighting. These are switched on using switch  S3. </span></span></div>
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Simple Solar LED Lantern

This solar LED lantern can be used as an emergency light. Its 6V battery can be charged either from 230V, 50Hz AC mains or a 12V, 10...

Simple Solar Tracking System

Solar 02:12

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Generally,   <b>solar</b> panels are stationary and do not follow the movement of the sun.   Here is a <b>solar </b>tracker system that tracks the sun’s movement across  the  sky and tries to maintain the <b>solar</b> panel perpendicular to the  sun’s  rays, ensuring that the maximum amount of sunlight is incident on  the  panel throughout the day. The solar tracker starts following the  sun  right from dawn, throughout the day till evening, and starts all  over  again from the dawn next day.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img alt="Solar Tracking System" border="" height="579" hspace="3" src="http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/my_documents/my_pictures/59A_Fig.-1---Circuit-of-solar-tracking-system-12.jpg" title="Solar Tracking System" vspace="3" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Fig. 1: Circuit of solar tracking system</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Fig.   1 shows the circuit of the <b>solar </b>tracking system. The <b>solar</b> tracker   comprises comparator IC LM339, H-bridge motor driver IC L293D (IC2) and a   few discrete components. Light-dependent resistors <b>LDR</b>1 through LDR4   are used as <b>sensors</b> to detect the panel’s position relative to the sun.   These provide the signal to motor driver IC2 to move the <b>solar</b> panel in   the sun’s direction. <b>LDR</b>1 and LDR2 are fixed at the edges of the solar   panel along the X axis, and connected to comparators A1 and A2,   respectively. Presets VR1 and VR2 are set to get low comparator output   at pins 2 and 1 of comparators A1 and A2, respectively, so as to stop   motor M1 when the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the solar panel. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When   <b>LDR</b>2 receives more light than <b>LDR</b>1, it offers lower resistance than   <b>LDR</b>1, providing a high input to comparators A1 and A2 at pins 4 and 7,   respectively. As a result, output pin 1 of comparator A2 goes high to   rotate motor M1 in one direction (say, anti-clockwise) and turn the   solar panel. </span><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><br style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" /><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When <b> LDR</b>1 receives more light than <b>LDR</b>2, it offers  lower resistance than  <b>LDR</b>2, giving a low input to comparators A1 and A2  at pins 4 and 7,  respectively. As the voltage at pin 5 of comparator A1  is now higher  than the voltage at its pin 4, its output pin 2 goes high.  As a result,  motor M1 rotates in the opposite direction (say,  clock-wise) and the<b>  solar</b> panel turns.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img align="middle" border="" hspace="3" src="http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/my_documents/my_pictures/131_Fig.-2-Proposed-assembly-for-the-solar-tracking-system.png" style="height: 276px; width: 225px;" vspace="3" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Fig. 2 Proposed assembly for the solar tracking</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> system</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Similarly, LDR3 and LDR4 track the sun along Y axis. Fig. 2 shows the proposed assembly for the <b>solar</b> tracking system. </span></span></span></span></div>
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Simple Solar Tracking System

Generally, solar panels are stationary and do not follow the movement of the sun. Here is a solar tracker system that tracks th...

Homemade Solar Panel with Transistors - Solar Cells

Solar 10:24

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<b>The photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts light energy ( sunlight or artificial ) directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect . It is a form of photovoltaic cell that , when exposed to light , can generate and support an electric current , without being connected to any external power source , but require an external load to the power consumption .</b><br />
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Photovoltaic solar panels are made of silicon , the same raw material of transistors and diodes that use common electronics. In practice if we can expose the silicon in the sun we get the same result of the silicon solar cell. A good utility for power transistors ( TO3 types ) or metallic encapsulation is recycling , using them in a solar panel .</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr4APU7KmToelq8ca_wDAiqKHehB4g8ODFCJbOhoKest6cq5jQhEYFoE8hD_Mb4fmPxYzLg-ixXJeSti-TwCrwNLY-wEmhdAEssd6MZrAqMiz2frfs39ZpuoiMa9MFlb1oFxLG_9KkgOxt/s1600/Homemade+Solar+Panel+with+Transistors+-+Solar+Cells.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Homemade Solar Panel with Transistors - Solar Cells" border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr4APU7KmToelq8ca_wDAiqKHehB4g8ODFCJbOhoKest6cq5jQhEYFoE8hD_Mb4fmPxYzLg-ixXJeSti-TwCrwNLY-wEmhdAEssd6MZrAqMiz2frfs39ZpuoiMa9MFlb1oFxLG_9KkgOxt/s1600/Homemade+Solar+Panel+with+Transistors+-+Solar+Cells.jpg" title="Homemade Solar Panel with Transistors - Solar Cells" width="400" /></a></div>
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These solar panels transistors are of low energy efficiency but serve as experiments , besides being simple to manufacture. In order to make the solar cell of a transistor , we need at least one PN junction is not burnt . You can use any transistor in these conditions , but you have to take the lid off to let the silicon sample , it is he who captures sunlight and converts it into energy.<br />
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Be careful not to break the tiny filaments that connect the pins of the transistor to the silicon wafer . The more transistors used for this is the 2N3055 used in power amplifiers and power supplies . But nothing prevents other transistors are used. Even 2n3055 transistor has gain difference from one to another , so always use the middle to do the calculations .<br />
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We saw in the article How to Make a Solar Panel using Transistor 2N3055 a way to turn a simple calculator in a solar calculator with 2n3055 transistors.<br />
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From practice, each 2N3055 transistor with one of its working joints, exposed to direct sunlight, is capable of producing 500 millivolts and 5.5 milliamps. Draw down a solar panel with based on transistor 2n3055 cells, it is able to generate 6 volts and its current is around 40 mA. 48 transistors are connected in four blocks of 12. Transistors should preferably be connected in series, with the base connected to the collector, but we talk with another base emitter junction may also be used, only in that case that the output is smaller, can see the table below.<br />
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<b>Solar cell:</b><br />
<b>Types of Links</b><br />
The junction V W<br />
Base + Emitter 370mV 94uA 35uW<br />
Base + Emitter and Collector, 325mV 215uA 70uW<br />
Collector, Base + 340mV 265uA 90uW<br />
Collector +, Broadcaster 28mV 65uA 1UW</blockquote>
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Basically the connection is as follows, (+) collector with (-) for the base, or you can use the emitter and collector connected together by connecting the (+) collector with (+) from the sender to the (-) Base . Thus allowing the transistor 12 in series can produce a voltage of about 6 volts with sunlight directly on them. But when placing four blocks connected in parallel, each transistor 12 in series with the voltage remains equal to 6 volts, but the current increases.<br />
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<b>Solar panel with diodes</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiBCBwBei4H4UzDMHBVt7C8XDGTpDMKYaKKBCnFeHN8joKxrTm7G-itexvm4LHzHLr9tz0-UENK1KVzyJ4wK_vYzWpQ3vimEs01uc1YXKZLzjJRFWJGaKXRsCrC2hX1SjIpV8wgkBtHZf/s1600/Solar+panel+with+diodes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Solar panel with diodes" border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXiBCBwBei4H4UzDMHBVt7C8XDGTpDMKYaKKBCnFeHN8joKxrTm7G-itexvm4LHzHLr9tz0-UENK1KVzyJ4wK_vYzWpQ3vimEs01uc1YXKZLzjJRFWJGaKXRsCrC2hX1SjIpV8wgkBtHZf/s1600/Solar+panel+with+diodes.jpg" title="Solar panel with diodes" width="400" /></a></div>
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In the same way it is done with transistors, it is possible to make diodes with a solar panel. The photo above is a home solar panel made of diodes, it can be made from common diodes which are encapsulated with glass. This module solar panel has 20 diodes, which provide a voltage of 2.5 Volts to 3 Volts, and its current is around 35 mA when exposed to sunlight directly.<br />
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You can vary the amounts of diodes in series and parallel, it will vary the power and intensity of a solar panel. Another tip is to use LEDs instead diodes, except that the circuit will have less efficiency.<br />
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As we speak, this is a more didactic and experimental than practical use, it's just a way to enjoy old trasistores or one of the open joints, as to generate an output of 15 watts, which is enough just to light a compact fluorescent lamp , you would need at least 5,555 transistors 2n3055 for this</div>
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Homemade Solar Panel with Transistors - Solar Cells

The photovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts light energy ( sunlight or artificial ) directly into electricity by the photo...

Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram

Solar 05:39

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">This is a <b>Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram</b>. This device is designed to be a simple, inexpensive ‘comparator’,  intended for use in a solar cell power supply setup where a quick ‘too  low’ or ‘just right’ voltage indicator is needed. The circuit consists  only of one 5V regulator, two transistors, two LEDs, five resistors, two  capacitors, and one small battery. Although a 4-V battery is indicated,  4.5 V (3 alkalines in series) or 3.6 V (3 NiCd cells in series) will  also work. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b> Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPh4QJEPBQNGjHDOtnMbioTXuXPezaua96W2aCmtf5JOGUU5-SC1xJWmS22iPchDPI-_y6njg_3fBcf8A_WfJNCBqEhyY0NFHbTc09-TVc7cSKk1P2C1CMXSz0_wubfjxCkNS4iQSDAPgl/s1600/Simple+Solar+Cell+Voltage+Regulator+Circuit+Diagram.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram" border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPh4QJEPBQNGjHDOtnMbioTXuXPezaua96W2aCmtf5JOGUU5-SC1xJWmS22iPchDPI-_y6njg_3fBcf8A_WfJNCBqEhyY0NFHbTc09-TVc7cSKk1P2C1CMXSz0_wubfjxCkNS4iQSDAPgl/s400/Simple+Solar+Cell+Voltage+Regulator+Circuit+Diagram.gif" title="Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram" width="400" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The specifications of voltage regulator IC1 are mainly determined by  the size and number of the solar cells and the current pull of the  equipment connected to the output. Here the low-drop 4805 is suggested  but other regulators may work equally well as long as you observe the  output voltage of the solar cells. Transistors T1 and T2 are  complementary types i.e. one each of the pnp and npn variety. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although the ubiquitous BC557B (pnp) and BC547B (npn) are indicated,  any small-signal equivalents out of the junk box will probably do. The  values of voltage dividers R1/R6 and R3/R4 may need to be adjusted  according to the type of transistor and its gain, or according to the  desired voltage thresholds. Using the resistor values shown in the  schematic, LED D2 turns on fully when the voltage is just above 5 volts. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">LED D1 turns on when the voltage drops below 4.2 volts or so. Between  those two thresholds, there is a sort of no man’s land where both LEDs  are on dimly. A buzzer or other warning device could be connected across  the terminals of LED D1 to give a more substantial warning if the  voltage drops below operating limits. The current consumption of the  circuit is about 20 mA at 5 V, and it decreases with the voltage  supplied by the solar cells.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram

This is a Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram . This device is designed to be a simple, inexpensive ‘comparator’, intended ...

Simple Solar LED Lantern

Simple Solar Tracking System

Homemade Solar Panel with Transistors - Solar Cells

Simple Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Circuit Diagram

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